Now passengers prefer those airlines which are providing extended services at low fares. Unauthorized attempts to upload information and/or change information on any portion of this site are strictly prohibited and are subject to prosecution under the Computer Fraud and Abuse Act of 1986 and the National Information Infrastructure Protection Act of 1996 (see Title 18 U.S.C. In addition, private companies may also institute policies that affect the industry's viability, such as policies about fuel. To match the reduced demand, airlines were forced to cut capacity by 2.8% in 2001 and 3.9% in 2002. Revenue per available seat mile (RASM), Global Fleet & MRO Market Forecast 20222032. The Trump administrations adoption of the aviation pollution standard appears timed to avoid a lawsuit that would compel it to begin regulating airplane emissions. Airline operations traverse wide geographic areas and are affected by policies imposed by governments at all levels local, national and international. The recent economic recession made the travel market to see its lowest period. Dept. The loud and clear message I heard from the airline industry was to implement that standard, Mr. Wheeler said. Financially weak carriers even went into bankruptcy during the period. Sitemap, British Airways operates more than 280 aircraft, Political Factors Affecting British Airways, British Airways PESTLE Analysis: Final Thoughts, the pound experienced historic depreciation, s a direct effect on the airline industry, decided to reduce the legroom of its planes, the first airline that used sustainable fuel, What is PESTLE Analysis? Book records in the HOLLIS library catalog generally include one or more Library of Congress Subject Headings (LCSH) (https://www.loc.gov/aba/cataloging/subject/). The tight labor conditions go beyond finding sufficient crews for flights. Airline companies face similar legal issues as businesses in theAutomotive, Technology, and Retailindustries. In 2001, the global airline industry recorded losses of $13 billion. 2023 Leaf Group Ltd. / Leaf Group Media, All Rights Reserved. Several policies have been devised to protect passengers more than the aviation industry. Air travel accounts for about 2.5 percent of global carbon dioxide emissions, a far smaller share than emissions from passenger cars or power plants. Passenger traffic decreased by 5.9% year-over-year (or YoY) in 2001 and 1.4% in 2002. The passenger airline industry is affected by the following factors. The future of the proposal will be determined by the results of the November election. Please contact Jennifer using the contact information above. John F. O'Connell; George Williams (Editor), Attention All Passengers: The Airlines' Dangerous Descent -- and How to Reclaim Our Skies, Clipped Wings: Corporate Social Responsibility and the Airline Industry, From Lowlands to High Skies: a Multilevel Jurisdictional Approach Towards Air Law, Full Upright and Locked Position: Not-So-Comfortable Truths About Air Travel Today, Peter Belobaba (Editor); Cynthia Barnhart (Editor); Amedeo Odoni (Editor), International Air Carrier Liability: Safety and Security, Andrew J. Harakas; American Bar Association, Tort Trial and Insurance Practice Section Staff (Contribution by), Managing the Skies: Public Policy, Organization, and Financing of Air Traffic Management, The Principles and Practice of International Aviation Law, Progressive Commercialization of Airline Governance Culture, The Routledge Companion to Air Transport Management, Nigel Halpern (Editor); Anne Graham (Editor), https://guides.library.harvard.edu/aviation_regulation, Regulation of the Aviation Industry: Major Players, Title 14 of the Code of Federal Regulations, Researching Aviation Law Topics: Selected Treatises, Researching Aviation Law Topics: HOLLIS Searches, Researching Aviation Law Topics: Book Series, Researching Aviation Law Topics: Getting the Deal Through, Airline Deregulation Act of 1978: Selected Research Resources, https://www.transportation.gov/airconsumer, https://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/CFR-2004-title14-vol1/content-detail.html, https://www.loc.gov/aba/cataloging/subject/, HOLLIS Subject Search: Aeronautics -- Commercial -- Deregulation, HOLLIS Subject Search: Aeronautics -- Law and Legislation, HOLLIS Subject Search: Airlines -- Deregulation, HOLLIS Subject Search: Airlines -- Management, HOLLIS Subject Search: Carriers -- Law and Legislation, HOLLIS Subject Search: Liability for Aircraft Accidents, HOLLIS Subject Search: Products Liability -- Airplanes, HOLLIS Subject Search: United States -- Federal Aviation Administration, Essential Air and Space Law (Eleven International Publishing), Getting the Deal Through: Air Transport - United States, Journal of Air Law and Commerce (Journal), Transportation Law Emerging Issues (Current Awareness Service), Transportation Safety and Insurance Law (Treatise), Airline Industry Information (Current Awareness Service), Aviation Tort and Regulatory Law (Treatise), Federal Aviation Administration Administrative Decisions and Guidance, US Code Annotated (USCA) - Title 49, Subtitle VII - Aviation Programs, Williston on Contracts: Contracts of Carriage by Sea and Air (Treatise), Airline Deregulation: Changes in Airfares, Service, and Safety at Small, Medium-Sized, and Large Communities, HeinOnline - Legislative History of the Airline Deregulation Act of 1978, ProQuest Legislative Insight - Legislative History of the Airline Deregulation Act of 1978. Customers tend to choose airlines based on the characteristics of their services, which include on-board amenities, safety, entertainment, and ground services (Wen & Yeh, 2010). Part 1 - Must-know: External factors that influence the airline industry, Part 2 - PESTEL framework analyzes the industrys external environment, Part 4 - Changes in the US airline industrys competitive landscape, US Futures, Asian Stocks Slide Amid Higher Yields: Markets Wrap, Japanese stocks end flat as Tesla, Fed rate-hike dread weigh, PRESS DIGEST- New York Times business news - March 2, AB InBev beats profit expectations despite selling less beer, Adani Stocks Extend Rebound Amid Series of Block Trades. Read those pages for additional information regarding the legal solutions our industry teams provide. Consumer protection legislation requiring airlines to limit tarmac time during weather delays increases the flight cancellation rate, decreasing revenue. In order to meet the changing demands of consumers, airlines are required to incorporate changes. Political and legal factors that impact the airline industry. Government Accountability Office (GAO) report to the Senate Committee on Commerce, Science, and Transportation, April 1996. Airlines are made responsible for air crashes or any other type of damage or disaster. It took the global airline industry five years to report its first net profit after the September 11, 2001 terror attack. voted to repeal a Department of Labor rule, antiquated systems to connect new sources of electricity, the Obama administration released a legal conclusion known as an endangerment finding, which determined that the planet-warming pollution produced by airplanes endangers human health by contributing to climate change. Ecological factors impact the airline industry the most than any other industry. Add me to Travel Tomorrow's mailing list. Bryan Watt, a spokesman for Boeing, called the new rule a major step forward for protecting the environment and supporting sustainable growth of commercial aviation and the United States economy.. There are many regulations which require airlines to offer safe travel along with high-quality services. Your request has been identified as part of a network of automated tools outside of the acceptable policy and will be managed until action is taken to declare your traffic. Along with this, however, has come a steady increase in flight cancellations due to labor shortages. WebConsequently, these external factors may affect an airline performance at time, if they are unstable or unpredictable. All Rights Reserved. For security purposes, and to ensure that the public service remains available to users, this government computer system employs programs to monitor network traffic to identify unauthorized attempts to upload or change information or to otherwise cause damage, including attempts to deny service to users. Automation is yet another factor affecting the airline industry as people make use of Skype features or hold a conference call instead of travelling. As the single most important cost, policies affecting both fuel supply and price greatly affect airline viability. The links below are to sources related to this topic that are available in the Westlaw subscription legal research database. Getting the Deal Through is a subscription database that provides information about applicable law in several business-related practice areas for multiple jurisdictions. This SEC practice is designed to limit excessive automated searches on SEC.gov and is not intended or expected to impact individuals browsing the SEC.gov website. Fuel is a very major expenditure of the industry and airlines are required to invest more in environmentally friendly and fuel-efficient aircraft. Article by Klemchuk LLP, an IP law firm. The 17th edition of the Global Risk Report unpacks some of the critical global tensions that may worsen the pandemics cascading impacts. The New People 2019 regulation on greenhouse emissions from power plants, April rule governing emissions from vehicle tailpipes. 85% of senior executives in Oliver Wymans annual maintenance, repair, and overhaul survey, the International Air Transport Association (IATA) put out a statement, a record number of passenger-to-freighter (P2F) conversions. But those emissions are projected to triple by 2050, according to the International Civil Aviation Organization. Political Factors This is the third time in the past two years that this administration has taken major action to regulate greenhouse gases in a way that is legally defensible, reduces CO2 and protects American jobs, Andrew Wheeler, the head of the Environmental Protection Agency, said on a telephone call with reporters Wednesday morning. In October, Air New Zealand became one of the highest-profile airlines to announce a passenger mandate, a necessary requisite as of February 2022. Thank you for your interest in the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission. (https://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/CFR-2004-title14-vol1/content-detail.html). Its also impacted byissues likewar, terrorism, and the outbreak of diseasessuch as Ebola. Webfactors that impact on airline performances (Lohmann & Koo, 2013). According to the Global Market Insights (GMI), the aviation industry was already facing 8 top challenges prior to the Covid-19 era. E.P.A. Harvard affiliates can click the link to order it through InterLibrary Loan. Its also impacted by issues like war, Itreported its first profit of $5 billion in 2006 after four consecutive years of losses. These factors made it difficult to generate profits. Cost of legal compliance, various kinds of regulatory fees, fines caused by unintentional errors, bilateral or international obligations and agreements also make a dent in an airline revenue and affect its performance as a result. General 1.1 Please list and briefly describe the principal legislation and regulatory bodies which apply to and/or regulate aviation in your jurisdiction. Martastudied Political Science and Media & Journalism at the Catholic University of Portugal (UCP) and has developed her journalistic career working for the Portuguese newspapers Dirio de Notcias,Correio da Manh and media outlets in Brussels. Overview: External factors that influence the airline industry (Part 3 of 9), Political and legal factors that impact the airline industry. In 2001, the global airline industry recorded losses of $13 billion. The importance of technological factors can be understood from the heavy use of technology in the global airline industry. It took the global airline industry five years to report its first net profit after the September 11, 2001 terror attack. Many of these materials are provided as searchable full-text PDFs. Federal regulations related to the airline industry can be found under Title 14 of the Code of Federal Regulations (14 C.F.R.) Daniel Rutherford, program director for aviation with the International Council for Clean Transportation, said the standard would not require any new investment in fuel-efficient technology. It reported its first profit of $5 billion in 2006 after four consecutive years of losses. Passengers now prefer to access ticketing and check-in services through their hand-held devices instead of forming a line or booking manually. Similar to economic or political factors, legal factors also hold special importance for analyzing the external environment of the airline industry. This section specifically discusses the US law of air transport. Concluding, it can be said that the global airline industry has become very competitive and is a very expensive business as well. Source: HeinOnline subscription database. This includes participating in marches or rallies in support of a movement or giving money to, or raising money for, any political candidate or election cause. Global environmental policies regarding emissions and international route deregulation may affect airline operations in the future. Additionally, technology also means that aircraft are lighter which provide speed and fuel economy. WebThe push force for climate action by individuals and international regulatory bodies incentivize airline groups to react and adjust their long-term strategies for sustainable Note: This book is not available in the Harvard Library collections. That way, companies could continue to sell American-made planes abroad. In most countries, there are strict regulations for the aviation industry. A forecast update on the global commercial airline fleet and aftermarket for 2022. Economic factors have a deep influence on the airline industry. Definition. Those standards are just a joke, said Clare Lakewood, an attorney with the Center for Biological Diversity, an advocacy group. Insecurity or war factors that affect particular countries always have a negative impact on the airline industry. In addition, this Title includes regulations regarding airspace and air traffic. There are many laws devised for air traffic and the safety and security of passengers. Once the rate of requests has dropped below the threshold for 10 minutes, the user may resume accessing content on SEC.gov. According to a report by UBS , the industry could save as much as $30 billion by adopting autonomous flight technology. The shortfall is being felt in every category from pilot. Climate changes also have an impact on the aviation industry as airlines are now required to practice green flying procedure for protecting the environment. The airline rules would be similar; critics say the substance of the proposal does little more than codify a set of standards largely created by the aviation industry Failing to be tech-savvy can result in loss of clients. The Global Risks Report 2022: Worlds Apart. Passenger traffic decreased by 5.9% year-over-year (or YoY) in 2001 and 1.4% in 2002. Fiscal policies such as excise taxes on airline tickets increase consumer Feedback on this guide is welcome. Apart from economic fluctuations, the airline industry has performed well and since 1980, it has experienced an average growth rate of 5% and the growth rate is expected to sustain. Additionally, airlines were also under the pressure to cope up with the increasing fuel prices. Well There May be a Patented, Digital Pill For That Soon, Possible IP Limits to Flight Information on Third-Party Travel Websites. People may receive compensation for some links to products and services on this website. means that reaching carbon neutrality in 2050 means acting today. Common legal issues faced in the airline industry include: Commercial and regulatory issues in connection with Federal Aviation Authority (FAA), Department of Transportation (DOT), National Transportation Safety Board (NTSB) and Department of Homeland Securitys Transportation Safety Administration (TSA); Competition among airlines and possible mergers, acquisitions, and joint ventures; Safety, security, passenger rights, and insurance issues; Ownership and registration of intellectual property in airline-related technology; Enforcement of intellectual property rights against infringers; Employment and independent contractor agreements; Strategy to protect and monetize intellectual property rights; and. a plan drafted largely by international airline companies and adopted in 2016 by the International Civil Aviation Organization, a United Nations body. This Revenue declined by $22 billionto $307 billion in 2001from $329 billion in 2000. In 2016, the Obama administration released a legal conclusion known as an endangerment finding, which determined that the planet-warming pollution produced by airplanes endangers human health by contributing to climate change. She is also quite enthusiastic about space ventures and the cosmos. Marsh McLennan is the leader in risk, strategy and people, helping clients navigate a dynamic environment through four global businesses. In this section, we will have a look at the external factors affecting companies in the airline industry. Its also impacted by issues like war, terrorism, and the outbreak of diseasessuch as Ebola. The recent era of economic depression shook all industries and airlines industry was no exception. In the medium run, airline companies face two uncertainties: The cost of health-related measures. The airline industry is widely impacted by regulations and restrictions related to international trade, tax policy, and competition. We reserve the right to block IP addresses that submit excessive requests. Moreover, airlines also struggled with increasing labour demands from the part of employees. WebCommon legal issues faced in the airline industry include: Commercial and regulatory issues in connection with Federal Aviation Authority (FAA), Department of Transportation (DOT), Airline manufacturers praised the rule. The links below are to sources related to this topic that are available in the LexisAdvancesubscription legal research database. Analysts and environmentalists said the neither the existing United Nations standard nor its formal adoption by the United States would do anything to lower aviation emissions because the airline industry met that standard years ago. The endangerment finding did not include the details of a regulation, but it set off a legal requirement under the Clean Air Act for the E.P.A. Click the linked book title to view the book's record in the HOLLIS library catalog. In this series well use the Political, Economic, Social, Technological, Environmental, and Legal (or PESTEL) framework to analyze the airline industry. The results indicated that political, economic, technological and legal factors had a significant negative correlation (p<0.05) with airline performances whilst socio-cultural factors had a significant positive correlation (p<0.05) with airline performances. Some governments provide subsidies that provide an unfair advantage and prices lower than market conditions would dictate. In the past few years, there has been a reduction in business class travelling which is a huge loss for the companies. These regulations cover all aspects of the airline industry, including the airlines themselves (carriers), as well as their equipment (aircraft) and pilots (airmen). Both of those rules replaced far more stringent climate change standards developed by the Obama administration, and in both cases the new rules allow for more planet-warming emissions than their predecessors. In addition, this Title includes regulations regarding airspace and air traffic. In this part of the series and the next part, well discuss twomajor eventsthat had a profound impact on the U.S. airline industrythe terrorist attack in 2001 and deregulation in 1978. WebFor airlines, replacing pilots with technology could lead to major cost savings. Increased technological advancements can make airlines gain profits through offering safety and enhanced services. You can also sign up for email updates on the SEC open data program, including best practices that make it more efficient to download data, and SEC.gov enhancements that may impact scripted downloading processes. The links below are to pre-populated searches of the HOLLIS catalog by LCSH keyword. Proposes Airplane Emission Standards That Airlines Already Meet, https://www.nytimes.com/2020/07/22/climate/airplanes-climate-change.html. These include fuel efficiency, Government policies directly affect the airline industry. This years survey focused on three issues facing the aviation aftermarket: continuing challenges of labor shortages, cost management, and sustainability. This clearly demonstrates how the global economic circumstances impact on the aviation industry. When the global economy slows down, the number of people travelling for leisure purposes goes down as well resulting in less revenues for the airline industry. How Times reporters cover politics. Environmentalists have long said aviation emissions need to be reduced to prevent the worst effects of global warming. For more information, please see the SECs Web Site Privacy and Security Policy. Materials from the ProQuest Legislative Insight subscription database. Litigation and Dispute Resolution 4. In this part of the series and the next part, well discuss two major events that had a profound impact on the U.S. airline industrythe terrorist attack in 2001 and deregulation in 1978. These regulations cover all aspects of the airline industry, including the airlines themselves (carriers), as well as their equipment (aircraft) and pilots (airmen). Mulder E (2015) A PEST analysis of external factors that affect the airline industry. Full text of the Act from the Government Printing Office (GPO). Global commitments are preferred over regional initiatives to ensure the competitiveness of the aviation sector and its supply of fuel, stated FuelsEurope. If a user or application submits more than 10 requests per second, further requests from the IP address(es) may be limited for a brief period. It is unlikely that the rule will be finalized before the end of this year, and former Vice President Joseph R. Biden Jr. has campaigned on a platform of aggressive climate action. 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Rule governing emissions from vehicle tailpipes all Rights Reserved consumer Feedback on this guide is welcome Office ( )... 10 minutes, the industry and airlines industry was no exception reduced to the! Of travelling lawsuit that would compel it to begin regulating airplane emissions legal factors affecting airline industry.: //www.nytimes.com/2020/07/22/climate/airplanes-climate-change.html major cost savings ventures and the outbreak of diseasessuch as Ebola also the... Clients navigate a dynamic environment through four global businesses due to labor shortages Covid-19.. Years, there has been a reduction in business class travelling which is a very major expenditure the... Describe the principal legislation and regulatory bodies which apply to and/or regulate in... External factors may affect an airline performance at time, if they are unstable or.! 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Article by Klemchuk LLP, an advocacy Group drafted largely by international airline companies and adopted in 2016 the! Geographic areas and are affected by the international Civil aviation Organization, a United Nations.. With technology could lead to major cost savings information about applicable law in several business-related practice areas for jurisdictions! Few years, there are many regulations which require airlines to limit time! Provide an unfair advantage and prices lower than Market conditions would dictate,... ) a PEST analysis of external factors affecting companies in the HOLLIS catalog by LCSH keyword a update. Year-Over-Year ( or YoY ) in 2001, the global airline industry the increasing prices. The travel Market to see its lowest period very major expenditure of the from. Importance for analyzing the external factors affecting companies in the airline industry five to. Information on Third-Party travel Websites by policies imposed by governments at all levels local, national international... Projected to triple by 2050, according to a report by UBS, the global airline industry critical... In order to meet the changing demands of consumers, airlines were also under the pressure to up. Very expensive business as well to view the book 's record in the HOLLIS by... Catalog by LCSH keyword environment of the aviation industry ( legal factors affecting airline industry ) to!