Commodus was made coruler when he was just 16 years old, and he was emperor before he turned 19. Ulpius Marcellus was replaced as governor of Britain by Pertinax; brought to Rome and tried for treason, Marcellus narrowly escaped death. In addition to Galens medical attention and treatment, Commodus was also highly educated, with little focus on military training. [39] Dio also wrote that it was Commodus's custom to privately use deadly weapons to fight, murdering and maiming his opponents. In 177 Lucius was made coruler and heir to his father, the emperor Marcus Aurelius (reigned 161180). On December 31, 192, his advisers had him strangled by a champion wrestler, following his announcement the day before that he would assume the consulship, dressed as a gladiator. The Horsemen of Oyo were legendary warriors who served the Oyo Empire of West Africa. The first attempt used poisoned meat, but Commodus vomited it up. 1. ( Louisonze/CC BY-SA 3.0 ). The Emperor Commodus Leaving the Arena at the Head of the Gladiators (detail) by Edwin Blashfield (18481936), Hermitage Museum and Gardens, Norfolk, Virginia. The Beast with an insatiable Hunger for Human Flesh, Film Footage Provides Intimate View of HMS Gloucester Shipwreck, Top 8 Legendary Parties - Iconic Celebrations in Ancient History, The Spanish Inquisition: The Truth Behind the Black Legend (Part II), The Spanish Inquisition: The Truth behind the Dark Legend (Part I), Bloodthirsty Buddhists: The Sohei Warrior Monks of Feudal Japan, Legends Of The Oracle Of Delphi At The Centre Of The World. Disappointment aside, Aurelius continued to promote Commodus through the ranks. [19] His reduction of the denarius during his rule was the largest since the empire's first devaluation during Nero's reign. [10] Among his teachers, Onesicrates, Antistius Capella, Titus Aius Sanctus, and Pitholaus are mentioned.[10][11]. He then returned to Rome and celebrated a triumph for the conclusion of the wars on 22 October 180. The slave who became a gladiator. Are the Misty Peaks of the Azores Remnants of the Legendary Atlantis? In the same year, Pertinax unmasked a conspiracy by two enemies of Cleander Antistius Burrus (one of Commodus's brothers-in-law) and Arrius Antoninus. This horrified the Roman people. Cassius, however, was killed by one of his centurions before the campaign against him could begin. Dio Cassius 73.10.2, Loeb edition translated E. Cary. Commodus: The general who became a slave. The most famous scene in "Gladiator" is the one that launched a thousand memes (to use a phrase from a different Ancient European society). In 186 he had his chief minister executed in order to appease the army; three years later he allowed the ministers successor to be killed by a rioting crowd. Top Image: Bust of Commodus, 17th Emperor of the Roman Empire. The real Commodus was also taken out by a Senate plot, although less publicly: After a few unsuccessful attempts, he was strangled to death in his bathroom by a professional wrestler moonlighting as an assassin. The gladiator who defied an emperor. Only a famous death will do. The first, Sextus Tigidius Perennis, Commodus put to death after becoming convinced he was conspiring against him. His twin brother, Titus Aurelius Fulvus Antonius, died at age four. Wife of M. Annius Libo: Levick (2014), p. 163. By bringing together top experts and authors, this archaeology website explores lost civilizations, examines sacred writings, tours ancient places, investigates ancient discoveries and questions mysterious happenings. Updates? Gibbon p. 107 "*1 Commodus killed a camelopardalis or giraffe the most useless of the quadrupeds". According to Cassius Dio, Commodus once killed 100 lions in a single day. Before his death, the Emperor chooses Maximus to be his heir over his own son, Commodus, and a power struggle leaves . And what could be more glorious than to challenge the Emperor himself in the great arena? The Death of Commodus, from a history book published in 1900. Having been accepted as emperor by Syria, Judea and Egypt, Cassius carried on his rebellion even after it had become obvious that Marcus was still alive. Roman artwork, 191 - 192 AD. Wikimedia CommonsEmperor Commodus lust for power is widely credited with bringing an end to the fabled Pax Romana. Cornelius Scipio Salvidienus Orfitus. Didius Julianus, the future emperor and a relative of Salvius Julianus, was dismissed from the governorship of Germania Inferior. Commodus took the loss of Saoterus badly, and Perennis now seized the chance to advance himself by implicating Paternus in a second conspiracy, one apparently led by Publius Salvius Julianus, who was the son of the jurist Salvius Julianus and was betrothed to Paternus's daughter. 37 Dirty Medieval Manuscripts That Prove People In The Middle Ages Weren't So Prudish After All, Inside The Little-Known Story Of Laura Bullion, The 'Thorny Rose' Of The Wild Bunch, What Stephen Hawking Thinks Threatens Humankind The Most, 27 Raw Images Of When Punk Ruled New York, Join The All That's Interesting Weekly Dispatch. Maximus is given a very clear ending, but what about the rest of Rome? Commodus, in full Caesar Marcus Aurelius Commodus Antoninus Augustus, original name (until 180 ce) Lucius Aelius Aurelius Commodus, (born August 31, 161 ce, Lanuvium, Latium [now Lanuvio, Italy]died December 31, 192), Roman emperor from 177 to 192 (sole emperor after 180). 1. They then returned to Rome in the autumn of 176. Composite Character: Maximus, compared to real life. [21], Priscus refused to accept their acclamations, and Perennis had all the legionary legates in Britain cashiered. Marcus Aurelius. Although he's very well written, Maximus is more of a plot device to allow the . Commodus was a greater curse to the Romans than any pestilence or any crime and the city had descended into bankruptcy and chaos. The poison failed, so Narcissus entered Commodus's bedchamber. He was succeeded by Pertinax, the first emperor in the tumultuous Year of the Five Emperors. Murdering the emperor, after all, was frowned upon even one as hated as Commodus, who had bankrupted Rome with his egotistical demands and was infamous for ordering cruel executions. So superlatively mad had the abandoned wretch become that he renamed Rome Colonia Commodiana (the Colony of Commodus) and changed the names of the months to each reflect one of the many epithets he had bestowed upon himself. The legions were renamed Commodianae, the fleet which imported grain from Africa was termed Alexandria Commodiana Togata, the Senate was entitled the Commodian Fortunate Senate, his palace and the Roman people themselves were all given the name Commodianus, and the day on which these reforms were decreed was to be called Dies Commodianus. Commodus did initially engage in some leadership-oriented activities, although not always in the favor of the Roman people. He was left-handed and very proud of the fact. [5] He was the son of the reigning emperor, Marcus Aurelius, and Aurelius's first cousin, Faustina the Younger, the youngest daughter of Emperor Antoninus Pius, who had died only a few months before. Other victims at this time were the praetorian prefect Julius Julianus, Commodus's cousin Annia Fundania Faustina, and his brother-in-law Mamertinus. Papirius Dionysius was executed, too. War broke out in Dacia: few details are available, but it appears two future contenders for the throne, Clodius Albinus and Pescennius Niger, both distinguished themselves in the campaign. Related: Gladiator: What Happened To Every Historical Character In Real Life. The climax came in the year 190, which had 25 suffect consuls a record in the 1,000-year history of the Roman consulshipall appointed by Cleander (they included the future Emperor Septimius Severus). Understanding the Mysterious Kingdom of Shambhala, The Irish Story and Legend of C Chulainn, Alleged Sighting of the Mythical Manananggal in the Philippines Causes Public Anxiety, Aluxes: The Mischievous Little People of Maya Mythology, The Truth Behind the Christ Myth: Ancient Origins of the Often Used Legend Part I, A Blazing Weapon: Unraveling the Mystery of Greek Fire, Medieval Hygiene Might Have Been Better Than You Think, New Evidence Shows Humans Were Using Bows and Arrows in 52,000 BC. After the murder of the powerful Saoterus, Perennis easily took over the reins of government and Commodus found a new chamberlain and favourite in Cleander, a Phrygian freedman who had married one of the emperor's mistresses, Demostratia. Contrary to the plot of Gladiator where Emperor Commodus is portrayed as having killed Marcus Aurelius the two ruled together, from 177 until the latters death in 180. There was a general, Pertinax, who was a friend of Marcus Aurelius and succeeded Commodus, and there was a gladiator, Narcissus, who killed the narcissistic Commodus (actually his own master at arms, who murdered him at home, in his . As Edward Gibbon noted in his famous Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire, in the intervening years between the death of Domitian and the reign of Commodus, the vast extent of the Roman empire was governed by absolute power, under the guidance of virtue and wisdom. The Five Good Emperors, ruled efficiently and under them the Roman people enjoyed a rational freedom.. He also declared himself to be an incarnation of the god Hercules and forced the senate to recognize his divinity. We seek to retell the story of our beginnings. Commodus subsequently accompanied his father on a lengthy trip to the Eastern provinces, during which he visited Antioch. But it didnt take long for him to delegate his leadership responsibilities to others so that he could engage in activities in which he enjoyed. After a string of months where Commodus killed hundreds of animals in the arena, and a huge fire ravaged the city things got really bad. Classic Villain: Commodus, representing Ambition and Envy. wahrscheinlich aber erfand Commodus diese Geschichte selber, um seine Sonderrolle zu unterstreichen. And what could be more glorious than to challenge the Emperor himself in the great arena? Commodus was a terrible ruler by virtually any standard. Were theonlyPop Archaeology site combining scientific research with out-of-the-box perspectives. Maximus : You would fight me? After this look at Commodus, check out these interesting facts about Ancient Rome. But wait, wasn't Commodus killed by a Gladiator? Only a famous death will do. Pescennius Niger mopped up the deserters in Gaul in a military campaign, and a revolt in Brittany was put down by two legions brought over from Britain. He also had the head of the Colossus of Nero adjacent to the Colosseum replaced with his own portrait, gave it a club, placed a bronze lion at its feet to make it look like Hercules Romanus, and added an inscription boasting of being "the only left-handed fighter to conquer twelve times one thousand men".[23]. Sources diverge on the origins of the conspiracy, with some claiming Lucilla was jealous of Commodus wife Crispina (incest between Commodus and Lucilla is suggested in Gladiator) while others maintain she saw the first warning signs of her brothers mental instability. His brutal misrule precipitated civil strife that ended 84 years of stability and prosperity within the empire. Now, researchers have proposed a hypothesis that seems to support the idea that the Ivar the Boneless was likely the son of legendary Viking king Ragnar Lothbrok, and raided alongside his father and brothers, eventually becoming ruler of York in England in the 9th century AD. In 182 Commoduss sister Lucilla conspired with a group of senators to assassinate him. In the spring of 190, Rome was afflicted by a food shortage, for which the praefectus annonae Papirius Dionysius, the official actually in charge of the grain supply, contrived to lay the blame on Cleander. Commodus' death sparked a civil war, which eventually led to military rule that remained in place for a century and destabilized the empire. During the preparations for the campaign against Cassius, Commodus assumed his toga virilis on the Danubian front on 7 July 175, thus formally entering adulthood. schizoform/ CC BY 2.0 Painting, Hercules and the Hydra, Public Domain, Commodus Encyclopaedia Britannica. The movie is far from historically accurate. The Untersberg is a great mountain straddling the Austro-German border opposite Salzburg. Die ''Terme Taurine'' von Civitavecchia ein rmisches Heilbad. Omissions? The ancient Greek city of Delphi, located on the slopes of Mount Parnassus, was home to the main Temple of Apollo and the renowned Oracle of Delphi. Salvius and Paternus were executed along with a number of other prominent consulars and senators. Commodus murders his father (Richard Harris) to gain power, orders the death of war hero Maximus (Russell Crowe) in order to circumvent any possible challenge to his rule, puts the moves on his. "Commodus' progeny will rule Rome!" "Back!" yelled the Praetorian guard. In the story of Gladiator, the Roman general Maximus is betrayed by the evil Emperor Commodus. By 192 A.D., the Roman people had had enough. In AD 191, he took over more of the reins of power, though he continued to rule through a cabal consisting of Marcia, his new chamberlain Eclectus, and the new praetorian prefect Quintus Aemilius Laetus. Aurelius pushed for Commodus to be a leader from a very young age. And what could be more glorious than to challenge the Emperor himself in the great arena? Encyclopaedia Britannica's editors oversee subject areas in which they have extensive knowledge, whether from years of experience gained by working on that content or via study for an advanced degree. Striking story! After becoming emperor, Commodus spent his 12-year reign indulging in hobbies like gambling, drinking and chariot-racing, but his two greatest passions seemed to be sex and pretending to be a . The conclusion of Gladiator sees Commodus killed by Maximus in the gladiators final fight, but what are the true details of the emperors death? His fictionalized depiction as a mad emperor in the film Gladiator actually plays down some of his less believable excesses while giving him a nobler death. Under Commodus, Rome had descended from a kingdom of gold to one of iron and rust. Much like Nero had supposedly fiddled while Rome burned, Commodus enjoyed himself as the city decayed around him. Lucilla was over ten years his senior and held the rank of Augusta as the widow of her first husband, Lucius Verus. However, even these favorites were not safe from his fury. Political influence then passed to the emperors mistress and two advisers. But now, the people want to know how the story ends. He also believed himself to be a reincarnation of Hercules and enjoyed fighting in an arena as a gladiator. Thegoal of Ancient Origins is to highlight recent archaeological discoveries, peer-reviewed academic research and evidence, as well as offering alternative viewpoints and explanations of science, archaeology, mythology, religion and history around the globe. To some, this was a sign that Commodus was not actually the biological child of Aurelius, and that his mother had conceived him while engaging in an affair. The Romans were outraged when Commodus would order wounded soldiers and amputees into the arena to be slayed. Well, kind of, but not really. While co-emperor, Commodus became the youngest consul up until that point in Roman history. Through his teen years, Commodus, now a young man with curly blonde hair, joined Aurelius on military campaigns. The poison failed, so Narcissus entered Commodus's bedchamber. But now, the people want to know how the story ends. Cleander fled to Commodus, who was at Laurentum in the house of the Quinctilii, for protection, but the mob followed him calling for his head. Commodus was the tenth of fourteen children born to Aurelius and was ultimately the only surviving son. Narcissus (born 2nd century A.D.) was a Roman athlete,[1][2] likely a wrestler,[3] from the 2nd century AD. As disgusted as the senators were by the sight of their emperor running around half-naked in the sands of the amphitheater, they were too terrified to do anything but play along. Wikimedia CommonsA bust of Roman Emperor Commodus, styled as if he were a reincarnation of Hercules, which is precisely what he believed himself to be. Statues of Commodus were demolished. The title suggests that Commodus was present at his father's victory over the Marcomanni. His body was buried in the Mausoleum of Hadrian. Commodus ( / kmds /; [4] 31 August 161 - 31 December 192) was a Roman emperor who ruled from 177 to 192. The slave who became a gladiator. [33] Cassius Dio and the writers of the Augustan History say that Commodus was a skilled archer, who could shoot the heads off ostriches in full gallop, and kill a panther as it attacked a victim in the arena. Commodus : The general who became a slave. All the months of the year were renamed to correspond exactly with his (now twelve) names: Lucius, Aelius, Aurelius, Commodus, Augustus, Herculeus, Romanus, Exsuperatorius, Amazonius, Invictus, Felix, and Pius. The character is, however, portrayed fictionally in Gladiator, and his death during Maximus' final fight in the Colosseum is an example of the film's historical inaccuracy. Non-military citizens who had lost their feet due to injury or illness would be tied together for Commodus to club to death. . [36] Popular rumors spread alleging he was not actually the son of Marcus Aurelius, but of a gladiator his mother Faustina had taken as a lover at the coastal resort of Caieta.[37]. From all angles, Commodus was groomed to succeed on the throne. Archaeologists have been able to take a closer look at one of the United Kingdoms most famous shipwrecks. The consensus was that it was below his office to participate as a gladiator. They write new content and verify and edit content received from contributors. Faustina was the daughter of Roman Emperor Antoninus Pius and was Aurelius first cousin. It appears that Aurelius was desperate to have a son of his own bloodline succeed him. In the view of Dio Cassius, his accession marked the descent "from a kingdom of gold to one of iron and rust".[20]. Upon his death, the Senate declared him a public enemy (a de facto damnatio memoriae) and restored the original name of the city of Rome and its institutions. [16] On 1 January 177, Commodus became consul for the first time, which made him, aged 15, the youngest consul up to that time (the minimum age for the consulship was around 30). A gladiator, a god to his people, and eventually the man behind the collapse of over 80 years of Roman peace, Commodus was anything but one strict thing. In November 192, Commodus held Plebeian Games, in which he shot hundreds of animals with arrows and javelins every morning, and fought as a gladiator every afternoon, winning all the fights. He reduced the weight of the denarius from 96 per Roman pound to 105 per Roman pound (3.85grams to 3.35grams). Hercules and the Hydra (ca. Anyone who caught the emperors attention risked also inadvertently invoking his wrath. The activities which held Commodus attention and with which he spent his time were primarily surrounding gladiatorial combat. He would take to the arena and engage in combat, which the Romans viewed as being scandalous and disgraceful. The movie doesn't answer this, and we never got to see "Gladiator 2." Husband of Ceionia Fabia: Levick (2014), p. 164. He also had four surviving sisters, all of them with husbands who were potential rivals. Commodus was inaugurated in 183 as consul with Aufidius Victorinus for a colleague and assumed the title Pius. Narcissus died by execution during the series of civil wars after Commodus's death. The benevolent emperor Claudius, who improved Rome with public works, was followed by his stepson Nero, who some say burned Rome to the ground. Innumerable statues around the empire were set up portraying him in the guise of Hercules, reinforcing the image of him as a demigod, a physical giant, a protector, and a warrior who fought against men and beasts (see "Commodus and Hercules" and "Commodus the Gladiator" below). The ending of "Gladiator" makes it seem like Commodus' death means a new beginning for Rome. Claudius M. Appius Atilius Bradua Regillus Atticus, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Commodus&oldid=1137878630, Commodus is a minor antagonist in the 2005 video game, Commodus appears as one of the antagonists in the popular young adult fiction novel series, dashed lines indicate adoption; dotted lines indicate love affairs/unmarried relationships, G. Alfldy, "Der Friedesschluss des Kaisers Commodus mit den Germanen,", P. A. Brunt, "The Fall of Perennis: Dio-Xiphilinus 79.9.2,", J. Gag, "La mystique imperiale et l'preuve des jeux. She has earned Read More. To "accept kinship with Commodus the bluntly pragmatic decision was taken to deify the former emperor, thus legitimizing Severus' seizure of power. Or, were the Romans protecting something even more valuable than silver? [4] Commodus was supposedly in a drunken stupor after Marcia had poisoned him [1] and Narcissus proceeded to strangle his master in his bathtub [1] or, according to Herodian, in his bed. The pivotal 2000 historical drama follows the betrayed general, Maximus, on a quest for revenge against Commodus (Joaquin Phoenix), the usurper emperor of Rome, who murdered his wife and son. Nevertheless, there is much agreement that Commodus actions as emperor signaled the start of the decline of the Roman Empire. After those attempts on his life, Commodus spent much of his time outside Rome, mostly on the family estates at Lanuvium. It seems likely that he was raised in an atmosphere of Stoic asceticism, which he rejected entirely upon his accession to sole rule. He was appointed co-emperor of Rome and ruled alongside his father when he Marcus Aurelius is famed for various accomplishmentshis title as the last of the Five Good Emperors; his extensive study of and literary accomplishments in the field of Stoicism; and, last but not Long bouts of bad weather have been blamed as a cause for the downfall of ancient civilizations around the world. after executing a double-sword beheading on an unfortunate opponent, delivering an iconic moment in movie and internet history. In April 175, Avidius Cassius, Governor of Syria, declared himself emperor following rumours that Marcus Aurelius had died. With each breathtaking scene, the complex culture of world that created and adored these bloody games between man and beast comes into clear focus. [27] Another event, as recorded by the historian Aelius Lampridius, took place at the Roman baths at Terme Taurine, where the emperor had an attendant thrown into an oven after he had found his bathwater to be lukewarm. His mother was Annia Galeria Faustina, a member of the Roman nobility and the daughter of the emperor Antoninus Pius. He was very vain, and strongly believed himself to be the reincarnation of Hercules so much so that he ordered statues of himself be dressed like Hercules, and he ordered that people call him Hercules, son of Zeus. According to Aurelius, Commodus received his educational training with "an abundance of good masters.". Ambition and Envy Paternus were executed along with a group of senators to assassinate him descended into bankruptcy and.. Before his death, the emperor Antoninus Pius to one of iron and.... 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