In the African Great Lakes region, Niger-Congo languages of the Bantu branch are most widely spoken. On an average, the north equatorial warm current flows from east to west but this saline current is deflected northward when it crosses the mid-Atlantic Ridge near 15N latitude. A green turtle swims in the blue waters at Marsa Abu Dabbab in the Red Sea, Egypt Cristian Umili (Photographer of the Year 2018 entrant), ? Eastern Africa region The Nairobi Convention A: Overview The Western Indian Ocean region is characterised by high biodiversity, both in terms of species and ecosystems, with a young and growing human population, especially in coastal urban centres. Mozambique, Tanzania and Kenya are not only sources of ivory, but also major conduits for illegal wildlife trade. 2023 World Wildlife Fund. Make a symbolic African elephant adoption to help save some of the world's most endangered animals from extinction and support WWF's conservation efforts. WWF and 1986 Panda Symbol are owned by WWF. This, coupled with similar climatic and ecological conditions in most of the surrounding coastal lands, has . . The eastern coast of Africa looks out over the Indian Ocean, which, though vast, is comparatively easily navigated. The British Empire set foot in the region's most exploitable and promising lands acquiring what is today Uganda, and Kenya. A map drawn in Spain dated 1375, showing the king of Mali holding a gold nugget. 1969. Because exploitation of turtles is often driven by a lack of economic choices, WWF works to develop alternative livelihoods so that local people are no longer dependent on turtle products for income. It must be a long-term collective commitment to protecting what connects us - our ocean. Logging also opens up previously inaccessible forests to poachers and illegal wildlife traders. The largest ethnic groups in eastern Africa are the Oromo, Cushitic speakers who occupy much of southern Ethiopia, and the related Somali, who occupy all of Somalia, southeastern Ethiopia, and much of Djibouti. Temperatures in East Africa, except on the hot and generally humid coastal belt, are moderate, with maxima of around 25 C (77 F) and minima of 15 C (59 F) at an altitude of 1,500 . World Wildlife Fund Inc. is a nonprofit, tax-exempt charitable organization (tax ID number 52-1693387) under Section 501(c)(3) of the Internal Revenue Code. Few would imagine that there could be more natural beauty on offer. Home to some of the most spectacular and treasured life, the oceans and seas surrounding Africa contain a multitude of creatures that thrive in the warm and cold currents that run along our continent. To the west, Africa has its longest coastline with the Atlantic Ocean. Rainfall variability is influenced by both El Nio events and a positive Indian Ocean Dipole. HOW TO GET THE MOST OUT OF AFRICA GEOGRAPHIC: We're the Africa Geographic editorial team a diverse set of writers, editors, designers and social media natives, all united by our passion for this addictive continent. It was last seen in British general knowledge crossword. WWF has also helped community fishing councils gain authority to combat illegal fishing in the reserve. A close up of a giant sea clam in Sodwana Bay, South Africa Peet J. van Eeden (Photographer of the Year 2017 Top 101), Giant sea clams typically occur on the east coast of Africa in clear water of less than 10 metres. The east coast of Africa experiences seasonally alternating 'trade' winds which have enabled sailing dhows to travel up and down the coast, fostering the movement of people and goods between the countries of Arabia, the Western Indian Ocean and East Africa for many centuries. 2002. The latter also spread Islam to the coastal belt, but most Bantu remained African Traditional Religion adherents. Sunday 6 October 2002. A gasflame nudibranch in False Bay, Cape Peninsula, South Africa Peet J. van Eeden (Photographer of the Year 2018 Entrant), ? Today at the Bab-el-Mandeb straits, the Red Sea is about 12 miles (20 kilometres) wide, but 50,000 years ago it was much narrower and sea levels were 70 meters lower. The East Africa coast supports rich wildlife populations of which 60-70% are found only in the Indo-Pacific and 15% are found nowhere else in the world. The coastline of South Africa, stretching 1,740 miles (2,800 kilometers) From Mozambique to Namibia, is presided over by two great oceanic systems: a powerful current on one side of the continent . Drink. A blue shark just below the surface about 40km off Cape Point, South Africa Geo Cloete (Photographer of the Year 2018 Top 101), Sail southwest from Cape Point and eventually you will be surrounded by the blue horizon in all directions. My modest aim in this paper is to turn a similar spotlight on the East African coast, to re-examine the little-known set of oral histories that includes those . Mozambique is institutinga five-year strategy that makes the sustainable management of natural resources and the environment a priority, and to the creation of a program that will focus on protecting the countrys natural capital. Over several centuries countless East Africans were sold as slaves by Muslim Arabs to the Middle East and other places via the Sahara desert and Indian Ocean. Fast as they are, I doubt this shark was quick enough to outrun the storm. ~ Adam Mitchell, ? Between the two rift valleys lies a plateau that comprises most of Uganda and western Tanzania and includes Lake Victoria. Unusually, most of the rain falls in two distinct wet seasons, one centred on April and the other in October or November. The region also comprises the countries of Somalia, Djibouti, and Eritrea, which are . 1. The red stood for the English, blue stood for the French, and the beige stood for Germany during the period of colonialism. [2][3][4][5] However, this has never been the convention in many other languages, where the term generally had a wider, strictly geographic context and therefore typically included Djibouti, Eritrea, Ethiopia, and Somalia.[6][7][8][9][10][11][12]. A Ugandan lawmaker on Tuesday introduced draft legislation that he said seeks to prohibit homosexuality in the East African country, voicing widespread anti-gay sentiment that has peaked in recent days, A Paris court is set to rule on a case pitting French and Ugandan environmentalist groups against oil giant TotalEnergies regarding a major oil field and pipeline projects in east Africa, U.S. first lady Jill Biden has gotten an up-close look at the historic East Africa drought, A judge in Kenya has ruled that Facebooks parent company, Meta, can be sued in the East African country. Some of the earliest hominin skeletal remains have been found in the wider region, including fossils discovered in the Awash Valley of Ethiopia, as well as in the Koobi Fora in Kenya and Olduvai Gorge in Tanzania. The state also established its hegemony over the declining Kingdom of Kush and regularly entered the politics of the kingdoms on the Arabian peninsula, eventually extending its rule over the region with the conquest of the Himyarite Kingdom. In the Western Indian Ocean, WWF works to transform the way fisheries are managed in order to achieve sustainability. Due to the sheer size of the smack of jellyfish, it was impossible to capture the complete scene in a single frame, even though I was using a fisheye lens. Africa borders on both the North and South Atlantic, from roughly the location of Cape Town to Gibraltar. Foreigners operate large-scale industrial fisheries along the coast, exporting most of the catch. The southern three-fourths of Somalia became an Italian protectorate (Italian Somaliland). The scene was of a huge congregation which consisted of a densely stacked (but spread out) base. East Africa's Coral Refuge is a critical source of food and livelihoods for people all across Kenya and Tanzania. Portugal had first established a strong presence in southern Mozambique and the Indian Ocean since the 15th century, while during this period their possessions increasingly grew including parts from the present northern Mozambique country, up to Mombasa in present-day Kenya. The Periplus describes in some detail the shore of what was to become northern Somalia. To reduce illegal fishing, WWF supports local rangers who monitor artisanal fisheries. The Western Hemisphere includes about half of Antarctica and all of North and South America which includes the Caribbean and Central America as well as Greenland. Wildlife need corridors to move safely and easily between protected areas. The French settled the largest island of the Indian Ocean (and the fourth-largest globally), Madagascar, along with a group of smaller islands nearby, namely Runion and the Comoros. Chami, F. A. No settlements from this period have been found. XXXIV 1999, pp. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press, 2005, pp. Both the Tigray and the Amhara, another Semitic-speaking group, dominate northwestern Ethiopia. Lake Niassa is an important source of freshwater, home to over 1000 fish species and critical to the livelihoods of the people of Mozambique. Prevailing climatic conditions and the regions' geomorphology allowed the establishment of flourishing European style settlements like Nairobi, Vila Pery, Vila Junqueiro, Porto Amlia, Loureno Marques and Entebbe.[68]. Though there is little evidence to suggest that its inhabitants had any buildings to begin with, wattle-and-daub dwellings appeared in due course, and by the 10th century short lengths of coral masonry wall were being built. Author of, Distinguished Professor of History and African Studies, Michigan State University, East Lansing. The British Museum. 7 Days in Entebbe, The Last King of Scotland, Out of Africa, Queen of Katwe, The Constant Gardener, Hotel Rwanda, The Good Lie, and Captain Phillips are a few of the critically acclaimed movies. A healthy reef with an abundance of life in Sodwana Bay, South Africa Geo Cloete (Photographer of the Year 2018 Top 101), The life-sustaining benefits of rainforest to our planet is more commonly known than those provided by a healthy ocean, but in fact, the ocean contributes even more and I wanted to capture a photo conveying this message. In: The Spice Trade of the Roman Empire. All of the states produced pottery. collapse afer a 1500 year reign over the Southern Nile valley as a result of the migrating Noba, The immigration and Conquest of the Noba would culturally reshape the Sudanese nile valley and lead to the transition of the region into the 3 Nubian speaking Christian kingdoms afterwards, Makuria, Alodia (Also known as Alwa) and Nobatia as result of the Noba who likley spoke proto nubian.[43]. [22] Elsewhere the annual rainfall generally increases towards the south and with altitude, being around 400mm (16in) at Mogadishu and 1,200mm (47in) at Mombasa on the coast, whilst inland it increases from around 130mm (5in) at Garoowe to over 1,100mm (43in) at Moshi near Kilimanjaro. Joint operations have also improved the collaboration among different law enforcement institutions. All travel bookings booked via Trust my Travel are financially protected by them. Revenants of the German Empire: Colonial Germans, Imperialism, and the League of Nations", "Climate risk report for the East Africa region - Ethiopia | ReliefWeb", "7 Days in Entebbe and 13 Other Movies Set In East Africa", "World Population Prospects Population Division United Nations", "IFs Forecast Version 7.00 Google Public Data Explorer", Canada's Africa Oil starts Somalia seismic survey, "Economic Recovery and the Role of the State", "Somalia: Somaliland appeals for 'cooperation with Puntland' a second time", "Population of capital cities and cities of 100,000 or more inhabitants", List of countries where Arabic is an official language, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=East_Africa&oldid=1142278246, Articles containing Chinese-language text, Short description is different from Wikidata, Pages using collapsible list with both background and text-align in titlestyle, Articles with unsourced statements from May 2022, Articles needing additional references from December 2015, All articles needing additional references, Articles with unsourced statements from May 2021, Articles with unsourced statements from December 2022, Articles containing potentially dated statements from 2011, All articles containing potentially dated statements, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License 3.0, This page was last edited on 1 March 2023, at 14:36. It is observed by the authors of three 2018 studies on the site, that the evidence of these behaviors is approximately contemporary to the earliest known Homo sapiens fossil remains from Africa (such as at Jebel Irhoud and Florisbad), and they suggest that complex and modern behaviors had already begun in Africa around the time of the emergence of Homo sapiens. South Sudanese independence was nearly derailed by the South Kordofan conflict, particularly a dispute over the status of the Abyei Area, and both Abyei and South Kordofan's Nuba Hills remained a source of tension between Juba and Khartoum as of 2011[update]. Swahili, with at least 80million speakers[citation needed] as a first or second language, is an important trade language in the Great Lakes area. Madagascar is also considered to be the world's fourth-largest island which offers a plethora of unique collection of flora and fauna. [44] The old kingdom's first mention dates to the 25th century BCE. Eastern Africa is populated by 160 different ethnic groups or more, depending on the method of counting. Over a period of many centuries, most hunting-foraging peoples were displaced and absorbed by incoming Bantu communities, as well as by later Nilotic communities. Fig. WWF works with communities to identify vulnerabilities to climate change, and help them develop strategies to adapt and increase their resilience. [32][33][34][35], In 2017 finds of modern human remains, dating to ca 300,000 years ago in Jebel Irhoud in Morocco, suggested that modern humans arose earlier and possibly in a larger area of Africa than previously thought. eastern Africa, part of sub-Saharan Africa comprising two traditionally recognized regions: East Africa, made up of Kenya, Tanzania, and Uganda; and the Horn of Africa, made up of Somalia, Djibouti, Eritrea, and Ethiopia. Though there is some suggestion that in the 10th century the Muslims had not yet begun to move farther south than Somalia, on Qanbalu they soon became rulers of a pagan population, whose language they adopted. The child here is unidentified except that he is beind held for sale as a slave. (Translation by H. Frisk, 1927, with updates and improvements and detailed notes). Experts say it is time . The waters of the Western Indian Ocean also support globally important shrimp and tuna industries. The second largest population of savanna elephants in Africa roam across this region in search of food and freshwater. Ships sailed from there to western India to bring back cotton cloth, grain, oil, sugar, and ghee, while others moved down the Red Sea to the East African coast bringing cloaks, tunics, copper, and tin. Chili bombs, a mixture of dried elephant dung and hot chili, are placed in crop fields to keep elephants away because they do not like the smell of chili. Ancient Africa's east coast was home to trading cities, a region that subsists primarily on international import and export. We also work towards MSC certification for the deep water shrimp fishery in Mozambique. However, all is not lost as marine reserves around the globe have proven what a remarkable recovery the marine ecosystem can make if given full protection. The ocean's name, derived from Greek mythology, means the "Sea of Atlas." It is second in size to the Pacific Ocean. We also provide tools to reduce conflict with wildlife. . The three main colors of the African country were beige, red, and blue. (US) +1 (786) 655-4040, *Call costs: Local rates apply from South Africa, UK and US otherwise international rates apply, newsletter@africageographic.com Off the coast of East Africa is the Indian Ocean. [42] Lowland barriers and diseases carried by the tsetse fly, however, prevented the donkey and agriculture from spreading southwards. Stretching from the Arctic Circle to Antarctica, the Atlantic Ocean is bordered by the Americas to the west and Europe and Africa to the east. With $1.9 million in funding from the Global Environment Facility, an African Nature-Based Tourism Collaborative Platform is being developed to connect funders to communities and small and medium enterprises involved in nature-based tourism in eastern and southern Africaand who are most affected by the loss of revenue due to Covid-19. WWF works with government and communities to develop land use plans that allow wildlife movement and human use to coexist. Overfishing, coastal development, pollution, the unknown consequences of climate change, and more immediate effects of shark finning and manta ray poaching are some of the most threatening concerns. This is . At about 30.3 million km 2 (11.7 million square miles) including adjacent islands, it covers 20% of Earth's land area and 6% of its total surface area. Ibo Island, one of 27 small islands in the Quirimbas Archipelago. These voyages of discovery by the Chinese to the African Red Sea coast, East Africa and its Indian Ocean islands, required sea-worthy vessels. Blue sharks have the largest distribution range around the globe, and are unfortunately the shark species targeted the most by fishermen for their fins. ~ Geo Cloete, ? [citation needed] As cattle terminology in use amongst the few modern Bantu pastoralist groups suggests, the Bantu migrants would acquire cattle from their new Cushitic neighbors. [24] Temperatures in East Africa, except on the hot and generally humid coastal belt, are moderate, with maxima of around 25C (77F) and minima of 15C (59F) at an altitude of 1,500 metres (4,921ft). [47] The Aksumite rulers facilitated trade by minting their own Aksumite currency. The climate of eastern Africa is generally tropical, though average temperatures tend to be reduced by the regions high elevations. A large school of slingers at Sodwana Bay, South Africa Anthony Grote (Photographer of the Year 2016 Entrant), ? A blacktip shark cruises the lagoon as a storm approaches in Aldabra atoll, Seychelles Adam Mitchell (Photographer of the Year 2017 Top 101), TheAldabra atollhas one of the highest shark densities of anywhere in the western Indian Ocean. The traders relied on the monsoon winds to blow their ships to and from the east African coast. "Africa South of the Equator," in Africa Since 1800. The east African island map will guide you through Madagascar which is situated off the coast of Mozambique. [28] Some researchers have suggested that North Africa was the region of Africa from which modern humans who first trekked out of the continent. All rights reserved. The region also provides habitat for threatened shorebirds and seabirds, including the sooty tern, the masked booby, the greater crested tern, and the brown noddy. Elephants and other wildlife require freedom to roam in search of food and freshwater. An ever-growing population dependent on timber and fuel wood continues to put pressure on this dwindling natural resource. The British also held a number of island colonies in the region, including the extended archipelago of Seychelles and the rich farming island of Mauritius, previously under the French sovereignty. Sharm el-Sheikh, Egypt. Portuguese naval vessels were very disruptive to the commerce of Portugal's enemies within the western Indian Ocean and were able to demand high tariffs on items transported through the sea due to their strategic control of ports and shipping lanes. Kilwa Kisiwani, located on the southern coast of modern-day Tanzania, is a prime example of how city-states in Africa developed and became wealthy while maintaining autonomous rule. 08/22/2019. The Afar are found in both Eritrea and Djibouti. Born out of wedlock . In 1895, from bases in Somalia and Eritrea, the Italians launched the First ItaloEthiopian War against the Orthodox Empire of Ethiopia. On this Wikipedia the language links are at the top of the page across from the article title. Location: Africa The subregion stretches from Eritrea in the north to Mozambique in the south. A new period opened, it seems, in the 9th century. Women gathering sand oysters in Mozambique. The east coast of South Africa has a generally well-defined and narrow continental shelf area. Birth of undersea volcano off the east coast of Africa recorded in great detail. Though the straits were never completely closed, there may have been islands in between which could be reached using simple rafts. Eastern Africa had an estimated population of 260 million in 2000. Outside of protected areas, WWF supports joint antipoaching efforts, involving police, military and park service staff. The different types of mangroves that were planted can withstand longer periods of flooding. Precipitation also is affected by varying elevation: Uganda, Tanzania, and western Kenya receive plentiful rainfall, while Somalia, eastern Ethiopia, and northeastern Kenya receive far less. The trading ships made their way down the east coast of Africa stopping at towns to trade for African goods such as ivory, gold, myrrh to make a fine skin oil, animal skins, frankincense and ambergris used to make perfumes, and slaves. The Periplus Maris Erythraei. [46] It existed from approximately 100940 CE, growing from the proto-Aksumite Iron Age period c. 4th century BCE to achieve prominence by the 1st century CE. Starting in the 1850s, the small protectorate of Djibouti became French Somaliland in 1897. East Africa, Eastern Africa, or East of Africa, is the eastern subregion of the African continent. "The Egypto-Graeco-Romans and Paanchea/Azania: sailing in the Erythraean Sea." East Africa is a region that begins in Tanzania in the south and extends north through the great grasslands and scrub forest of the savannas of Kenya and Uganda and then across the highlands of Ethiopia, including the Great Rift Valley. eastern Africa, part of sub-Saharan Africa comprising two traditionally recognized regions: East Africa, made up of Kenya, Tanzania, and Uganda; and the Horn of Africa, made up of Somalia, Djibouti, Eritrea, and Ethiopia. During barter, the foreigners bartered their goods with gold, ivory and slaves. Click the image for a larger view. As the island is ring-fenced by one of the largest unbroken barrier reefs in the world, scuba diving here is a magical experience. Local communities play a critical role in management and patrolling of the area, and have established sanctuaries (no-fishing zones) that allow for the recovery of depleted fish stocks and corals. . The Horn of Africa, a major peninsular extension of the African mainland into the Arabian Sea, contains the vast lowland coastal plains of Somalia. Nearly all of them rely directly on its marine resources for their livelihoods. Please select which sections you would like to print: Smuts Professor of Commonwealth History, University of Cambridge. Apparently established in the 9th century, it is distinguished for its seawalls of coral blocks, each of which weighs up to a ton. Compass in the dark at Atlantis Reef dive site, Simons Town, South Africa Peet J. van Eeden (Photographer of the Year 2017 Top 101), I went diving at the newly discovered Atlantis reef. June 25, 2020. WMAs create opportunities for wildlife tourism, which directly benefits local communities through jobs and revenue. [51] The Swahili culture that emerged from these exchanges evinces many Arab and Islamic influences not seen in traditional Bantu culture, as do the many Afro-Arab members of the Bantu Swahili people. 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