During Byrd's assignment to Dolphin, she was commanded by future Fleet Admiral William D. Leahy, who served as chief of staff to President Franklin D. Roosevelt during World War II. (2004) Literature of Travel and Exploration: An Encyclopedia. Tomorrow we might have to pay dearly for them.15)See Untitled and Rough Draft (1945) 10 September, Box 206, Folder 7310, Byrd Papers. Testing military gear in controlled cold-weather conditions was not enough; long-term polar projects were necessary to develop the ways and means of carrying out necessary operations in the Arctic.29)Draft, Presentation to the Joint Chiefs of Staff on the Value of Operation Highjump II to National Defense (Undated) Box 206, Folder 7331, Byrd Papers. Byrd was posthumously eligible for the Antarctic Service Medal, established in 1960, for his participation in the Antarctic expeditions Operation Highjump (1946 to 1947) and Operation Deep Freeze (1955 to 1956). Although he was allowed to remain at the academy, his injuries eventually led to his forced retirement from the Navy in 1916. Bases were located at Little America and Stonington Island, off the Antarctic Peninsula. Modern War Institute, 6 January; Bateman S (2012) Strategic Competition and Emerging Security Risks: Will Antarctica Remain Demilitarised? Planning to spend two continuous months of discovery, training, and scientific investigation in Antarctic territory, the Navys force of thirteen ships, twenty-three aircraft, several helicopters, and over four-thousand men constituted the largest Antarctic expedition in history. (Although Germany was not at war with the United States at this time, Adolf Hitler had been serving as Fhrer of the German Reich since 1934, and invaded Poland the next year.). ATS 13 of 1938. Gardner to Senator Walter F. George (1949) 6 October, Box 206, Folder 7328, Byrd Papers. It was the first arms control agreement established during the Cold War, setting aside the continent as a scientific preserve, establishing freedom of scientific investigation . The admiral explained that he was not trying to scare anyone, but the cruel reality is that in case of a new war, the United States could be attacked by planes flying over one or both poles. Admiral Richard Evelyn Byrd (1888 - 1957) Rear Admiral Richard E. Byrd, Jr., USN was a pioneering American aviator, polar explorer, and organizer of polar logistics. On his second expedition in 1934, Byrd spent five winter months alone operating a meteorological station, Advance Base, from which he narrowly escaped with his life after suffering carbon monoxide poisoning from a poorly ventilated stove. It is the last great challengedown there lies the greatest adventure left in exploring and aviation.9)Rose L (2008) The Life of Richard E. Byrd. On 1 September 1943, in compliance with a series of letters from the President to the Secretary of the Navy, the Commander-in-Chief United States Fleet and Chief of Naval Operations ordered Byrd to assume direction of a survey and "investigation of certain islands in the East and South Pacific in connection with national defense and commercial air bases and routes." Section 2 of the South African Citizens in Antarctica Act, No. Educate the public about the Antarctic Treaty which preserves an entire continent for peaceful scientific study and international cooperation. The accident affected him deeply and inspired him to make safety a top priority in all of his future expeditions. Journal of Historical Geography 44:68. Though the 1867 purchase of Alaskan territory from Russia jump-started the United States strategic interest in the Arctic, the earliest American expeditions north of Canada and Siberia never resulted in territorial claims. In December 1927, Byrd articulated the significance of his prospective journey: Man cannot claim mastery of the globe until he conquers the Antarctic continent. Despite terrible weather conditions that damaged Byrds support ships, the expedition succeeded in many of its intended objectives. Byrd was then assigned to the ill-fated dirigible ZR-2 (formerly known by the British designation of R-38). However, an autopsy in New Zealand revealed that Dr. Marks died from methanol poisoning. This was Byrd's last trip to Antarctica, and marked the beginning of a permanent U.S. military presence in Antarctica. More famous still was a secret covert Antarctic mission carried out by the US military in 1947 called Operation Highjump, also called The United States Navy Antarctic Development Program, which was headed by famed polar explorer Admiral Richard Byrd and officially meant to practice techniques for polar warfare, train personnel and test . He was raised (became a Master Mason) in Federal Lodge No. Letter, Admiral M.B. [26][27], In 1927, Byrd announced he had the backing of the American Trans-Oceanic Company, which had been established in 1914 by department-store magnate Rodman Wanamaker for the purpose of building aircraft to complete nonstop flights across the Atlantic Ocean. The Antarctic Treaty, signed by the 12 nations participating in the IGY . He displayed courage, initiative, vision, and a high order of ability in obtain data and in submitting reports which will be of great present and future value to the National Defense and to the Government of the United States in the post-war period. Welcome to Admiralbyrd.com Dedicated to the legacy of the last of the great explorers Admiral of the ends of the Earth Shackleton's ship Endurance discovered after more than 100 years at the bottom of the sea News: Shackleton's ship the Endurance Some U.S. laws directly apply to Antarctica. In 1950, the interest of the United States to keep the Soviet Union away from Antarctica was frustrated, when the Soviets informed the claimant states that they would not accept any Antarctic agreement in which they were not represented. This suggestion has been challenged by Dennis Rawlins, who adds that the sextant data in the long-unavailable original official typewritten report are all expressed to 1 second, a precision not possible on Navy sextants of 1926 and not the precision of the sextant data in Byrd's diary for 1925 or the 1926 flight, which was normal (half or quarter of a minute of arc). Departing for Antarctica one last time in December 1955 as part of Operation Deep Freeze I, Byrd and his men laid the groundwork for future naval support of American Antarctic scientific operations by constructing three permanent research bases and passing their polar knowledge on to a new generation of civilian scientists and Navy personnel.36)Byrd R (1957) Antarctica: The Last Frontier: The Annual Report of the Officer in Charge, United States Antarctic Programs, Fiscal Year 1956. Formula Alka; Guide Kentucky. As I see it, he wrote to the Secretary of the Navy, insofar as preparedness of our own forces is concerned, we have to assume that we may have war with Russia. In the case Byrds presupposition came true, he argued there would be hundreds of detached units in the Arctic, each expected to possess the highly technical knowledge of polar travel both on foot and in mechanized vehicles.28)Letter, Admiral Richard E. Byrd to Secretary of the Navy Francis P. Matthews (1949) 20 September, Box 206, Folder 7328, Byrd Papers. He rendered valuable service as Secretary and Organizer of the Navy Department Commission on Training Camps, and trained men in aviation in the ground school in Pensacola, and in charge of rescue parties and afterwards in charge of air forces in Canada. Talk at the Center for Strategic and International Studies, 9 May; Breitenbauch H, Kristensen K & Groesmeyer J (2019) Military and Environmental Challenges in the Arctic. February 23, 1941. Videos of Byrds Antarctic expeditions can be seen (here), (here), (here), (here) by Reuters and British Pathe. In Glen Rock, New Jersey, Richard E. Byrd School was dedicated in 1931. Shackleton was most famous for conducting a daring rescue of his shipmates after their vessel. The members of the Special Navy Mission sailed from Balboa, Canal Zone, on USS Concord (CL-10), Captain Irving Reynold Chambers, commanding, in September 1943. Forsyth M (JanuaryFebruary 2018) Why Alaska and the Arctic are Critical to the National Security of the United States. Admiral Richard E. Byrd was a U.S. naval officer, aviator and explorer who went on several Antarctic expeditions between 1928 and 1956 ( here ). It won the Academy Award for Best Documentary. (480) 407-6520. First Expedition: At 3:29 p.m. on November 28, 1929, Byrd, the pilot Bernt Balchen, and two others took off from Little America in the Floyd Bennett, headed for the South Pole. Todays brewing tensions in the Arctic and Antarctica are nothing new. Finally, Thomas Poulter, E. J. Demas, and Amory Waite arrived at Advance Base, where they found Byrd in poor physical health. Byrd, Balchen, Acosta, and Noville flew from Roosevelt Field, East Garden City, New York, in the America on June 29, 1927. As of 2023[update], the treaty has 56 parties.[5]. According to several historians, World War II was waged partly in the Arctic4)The war fought through the Arctic during WWII was essentially a tactical weather war waged for control of high-latitude meteorological weather stations whose data could predict patterns affect[ing] crucial operations in the theaters of war in central Europe. The expedition was supported by a large naval force (designated Task Force 68), commanded by Rear Admiral Richard H. Cruzen. On September 22, 1949just before its intended departureHighjump II was cancelled by civilian Undersecretary of the Navy Dan Kimball.22)Letter, Admiral Richard E. Byrd to Deputy Secretary of Defense Stephen T. Early (1949) 27 September, Box 206, Folder 7328, Byrd Papers; Rose L (2008) Explorer, 43132. This distinction was given to "American citizens whose achievements in outdoor activity, exploration, and worthwhile adventure are of such an exceptional character as to capture the imagination of boys ".[50]. With government resources at Byrds disposal, the polar regions became aspirational sites of global power-projection, technological, scientific, and military testing grounds, and realms of real and imagined claims of territorial sovereignty.13)Doel R, Friedman R, Lajus J, Srlin S & Wrkberg U (2014) Strategic Arctic Science: National Interests in Building Natural KnowledgeInterwar Era Through the Cold War. Seven months of intensive preparation and fundraising preceded the projects official Naval review. Gardner to Senator Walter F. George (1949) 6 October, Box 206, Folder 7328, Byrd Papers. The total number of personnel involved was over 4,000. This idea was rejected by Argentina, Australia, Chile, France, and Norway. p. 187. The interview appeared in the Wednesday, March 5, 1947, edition of the Chilean newspaper El Mercurio, and read in part: Admiral Richard E. Byrd warned today that the United States should adopt measures of protection against the possibility of an invasion of the country by hostile planes coming from the polar regions. Dall-E is an AI system that creates realistic images and art from a description in natural language, according to its website (here). However, one American trailblazer pushed the envelope of polar exploration in the interwar era. From August 26, 1946, and until the beginning of 1947, it carried out Operation Highjump, the largest military expeditionary force that the United States had ever sent to Antarctica, consisting of 13 ships, 4,700 men, and numerous aerial devices. The Antarctic Treaty's Diamond Anniversary The Antarctic Sun. 42 parties to the Antarctic Treaty have also ratified the "Protocol on Environmental Protection to the Antarctic Treaty". There is no evidence that Byrd discovered a secret civilization in his expeditions as claimed in the posts. On the other side of the world, British explorers Sir Ernest Shackleton and Robert Falcon Scott as well as Norways Roald Amundsen became household names in the 1910s after leading famous excursions into Antarctica. The Navy continued precedents set by Operation Highjump I, monitoring polar sea ice conditions and conducting year-round polar weather forecasting. Byrd's Fairchild FC-2W2, NX8006, Stars And Stripes, is on display at the Virginia Aviation Museum located on the north side of the airport, on loan from the National Air and Space Museum in Washington, DC. [33], Since the designation of the Australian Antarctic Territory pre-dated the signing of the Antarctic Treaty, Australian laws that relate to Antarctica date from more than two decades before the Antarctic Treaty era. Only 29 of the 56 parties to the agreements have the right to participate in decision-making at these meetings, though the other 27 are still allowed to attend. )[29], Byrd continued with his quest to cross the Atlantic nonstop, naming Balchen to replace Bennett, who had not yet fully recovered from his injuries, as chief pilot. Byrd spent only one week in the Antarctic, and started his return to the United States on February 3, 1956. Journal of Historical Geography 44:70. The Navy moved on. At the request of President Franklin D. Roosevelt, Byrd took command of the U.S. Antarctic service and led a third expedition to Antarctica in 1939-41, this one financed and sponsored by the U.S. government. Some users point out that the faces of the individuals seen in the images are not visible and others point out that the images must have been created by artificial intelligence. However, the financial backing for Byrds second operation failed to materialize. Having ushered mechanical Antarctic exploration into the modern era, Byrd leveraged his position in the U.S. Navy and his myriad political connections to win the support of President Franklin D. Roosevelt, who approved Byrds idea of using government sponsorship to bolster future expeditions. You can contact Christopher L Byrd at 7126 . Photo: Wikimedia. [46] He was buried in Arlington National Cemetery. During the summer of 1923, then-Lieutenant Byrd and a group of volunteer Navy veterans of the First World War helped found the Naval Reserve Air Station (NRAS) at Squantum Point near Boston, using an unused First World War seaplane hangar which had remained more-or-less intact after the Victory Destroyer Plant shipyard was built on the site. Admiral Richard E. Byrd (1888-1957) Captain James Cook (1728-1779) Operation Highjump (1946) International Geophysical Year (1957-1958) Sir Douglas Mawson (1882-1958) Race For The South Pole (1909-12) Robert F. Scott (1868-1912) Treaty. [39], On February 10, 1945, Byrd received the Order of Christopher Columbus from the government of the Dominican Republic. His words serve as a timely reminder that strategic competition at one end of the earth is almost always intricately bound to the other. He received the society's War Service Medal for his service during the First World War. During a practice takeoff with Anthony Fokker at the controls and Bennett in the co-pilot seat, the Fokker Trimotor airplane, America, crashed, severely injuring Bennett and slightly injuring Byrd. After flying some distance beyond this point he returned to his base at Little America. Byrds federal appointment as head of the newly organized United States Antarctic Service in 1938 represented a significant shift in the nations strategic valuation of the earths poles. Inter-American Treaty of Reciprocal Assistance, International Council of Scientific Unions, Agreed Measures for the Conservation of Antarctic Fauna and Flora, Convention for the Conservation of Antarctic Seals, Convention for the Conservation of Antarctic Marine Living Resources, Convention on the Regulation of Antarctic Mineral Resource Activities, Protocol on Environmental Protection to the Antarctic Treaty, South African Citizens in Antarctica Act, 1962, "ATS Secretariat of the Antarctic Treaty", "Falkland Islands Dependencies (Hope Bay Incident)", "Historia y Arqueologa Martima. He was succeeded on September 1, 2009, by Manfred Reinke (Germany). There was also a consensus for demilitarization and the maintenance of the status quo. Personnel present on Antarctica at any time are always citizens or nationals of some sovereignty outside Antarctica, as there is no Antarctic sovereignty. Putnams Sons. Chile responded by presenting a plan to suspend all Antarctic claims for five to ten years, while negotiating a final solution, but this did not find acceptance. Social media users are sharing images which they claim show top secret photographs from Admiral Byrds Antarctic expedition where traces of a lost ancient civilization can be seen. As a senior officer in the United States Navy, Byrd was recalled on active duty on March 26, 1942, and served as the confidential advisor to Admiral Ernest J. [28], Once again, Byrd named Floyd Bennett as his chief pilot, with Norwegian Bernt Balchen, Bert Acosta, and Lieutenant George Noville as other crewmembers. Admiral Byrd goes on tv and talks about the land beyond Antarctic he saw. Memorials to Byrd can be found in two cities in New Zealand (Wellington and Dunedin). Letter, Rear Admiral Richard E. Byrd to Secretary of Defense Louis Johnson (1949) 30 August, Box 207, Folder 7345, Byrd Papers. It was not long before plans were in the works for another Antarctic Development ProjectOperation Highjump II. Byrd's third expedition was the first one financed and conducted by the United States government. Washington D.C.: Government Printing Office, located in Box 207, Folder 7357, Byrd Papers. Journal of Historical Geography 44:62.World War III, it was long assumed, would be.5)Mulvaney K (2001) At the Ends of the Earth: A History of the Polar Regions. With the approval of the Chief of Naval Operations, the expedition sought to emphasize polar survival techniques, assess cold-weather equipment, and build on progress made between 194647. At the suggestion of the World Meteorological Organization, the idea of the International Polar Year was extended to the entire planet, thus creating the International Geophysical Year that took place between July 1, 1957, and December 31, 1958. [45], Admiral Byrd died in his sleep of a heart ailment at the age of 68 on March 11, 1957, at his home at 7 Brimmer Street in the Beacon Hill neighborhood in Boston. [9][10] While serving in this position, he was commended by Brigadier General Charles W. Abbot, the adjutant general of Rhode Island, for making great strides in improving the efficiency of the militia, and on April 25, 1928, was promoted to captain by act of the Rhode Island General Assembly in recognition of his flight to the North Pole in 1926. It was the first arms control agreement established during the Cold War, setting aside the continent as a scientific preserve, establishing freedom of scientific investigation, and banning military activity; for the purposes of the treaty system, Antarctica is defined as all the land and ice shelves south of 60S latitude. However, the images were created by artificial intelligence and do not show historic photographs of the expedition. Marine Biological Data of the Soviet Antarctic Expedition (1955-1958) Byrd was appointed to lead the operation. From 1945 until his death in 1957, Byrds exhortations led to both successful and abortive government-sponsored Antarctic expeditionsventures that not only underpinned a decade of American polar security policy, but also initiated a pattern of international scientific collaboration that guided all future civil-military polar initiatives while setting an oft-forgotten precedent for the multinational joint-operations that characterize NATOs Arctic security policy today. See Untitled and Rough Draft (1945) 10 September, Box 206, Folder 7310, Byrd Papers. His subsequent involvement in shaping Arctic security policy by advocating for government-sponsored Antarctic research expeditions attests to the interwoven nature of both poles. [1] These countries had established over 55 Antarctic research stations for the IGY, and the subsequent promulgation of the treaty was seen as a diplomatic expression of the operational and scientific cooperation that had been achieved. [8] In 1949, Argentina, Chile, and the United Kingdom signed a Tripartite Naval Declaration committing not to send warships south of the 60th parallel south, which was renewed annually until 1961 when it was deemed unnecessary when the treaty entered into force. [6], Various international conflicts motivated the creation of an agreement for the Antarctic. He should do so the first antarctic treaty, outgunned and from my brother of . After a further summer of exploration, the expedition returned to North America on June 18, 1930. [34] To increase the interest of youth in arctic exploration, a 19-year-old American Boy Scout, Paul Allman Siple, was chosen to accompany the expedition. There, strategic rivals increasingly assert territorial claims, contend for natural resources, and expand their scientific influence at earths southern extreme.3)Feiger L & Wilson M (2020) The Countries Taking Advantage of Antarctica During the Pandemic. Though the successful tests of submarine-launched, nuclear-equipped Polaris missiles and development of intercontinental long-range ballistic missiles in the 1960s reduced fears of a Soviet invasion across the Arctic ice, for a brief period in the early Cold War, the U.S. Navy made a concerted effort to push the envelope of polar exploration and prepare itself for such military eventualities. Carson Teuscher is a Ph.D. The Act requires expeditions from the U.S. to Antarctica to notify, in advance, the Office of Oceans and Polar Affairs of the State Department, which reports such plans to other nations as required by the Antarctic Treaty. Byrd was, however, able to make a valuable contribution, as his expertise in aerial navigation resulted in his appointment to plan the flight path of the mission. I have to warn my compatriots that the time has ended when we were able to take refuge in our isolation and rely on the certainty that the distances, the oceans, and the poles were a guarantee of safety.[42][43]. These included the David Livingstone Centenary Medal of the American Geographical Society, the Loczy Medal of the Hungarian Geographical Society, the Vega Medal of the Swedish Geographical Society, and the Elisha Kent Kane Medal of the Philadelphia Geographical Society. That year, Norway formally laid claim to the area between its Queen Maud Land and the South Pole. Importance of Operation Highjump to our National Security (1949) Byrd Papers. By 1951, Byrd characterized the militarys stance toward polar preparedness as one of wide scale abandonment as compared with the greatly increased activities of the Russians. From a military standpoint, he wrote, it was shocking.31)Memorandum, Admiral Richard E. Byrd to Colonel McKinley (1951) 23 March, Box 207, Folder 7346, Byrd Papers. However, the expeditions have fueled conspiracy theories. As geopolitical tensions throughout the earths polar regions continue to build, the strategic questions of Byrds day remain strikingly relevant. They had four children Richard Evelyn Byrd III, Evelyn Bolling Byrd Clarke, Katharine Agnes Byrd Breyer, and Helen Byrd Stabler. Scott was credited for first discovering that Antarctica was a continent, reaching the South Pole in January 1912, one month after Amundsen. Unlike the 1926 flight, this expedition was honored with the gold medal of the American Geographical Society. Operation Highjump (Undated) Box 207, Folder 7345, Byrd Papers. Annapolis: Naval Institute Press, 41. Collis C & Dodds K (2008) Assault on the Unknown: The Historical and Political Geographies of International Geophysical Year (19578). 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