The diversity present across the vast range of Ae. In: Feuillett C, Muelbauer GJ (eds) Genetics and genomics of the Triticeae, plant genetics and genomics: crops and models 7. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 99:81338138, Inda LA, Segarra-Moragues Jos Gabriel, Mller Jochen, Peterson Paul M, Cataln Pilar (2008) Dated historical biogeography of the temperate LoHinae (Poaceae, Pooideae) grasses in the northern and southern hemispheres. The genome of this diploid species is usually designated AmAm to distinguish it from the lineage that led to hexaploid wheat. Neolithic sites in the Damascus Basin: Aswad, Ghoraife, Ramad. The domestication of wheat ( Triticum aestivum L.) from wild grasses in the Middle East is a fascinating story that resulted in one of the world's most important and widespread crops. Junhua H. Peng. Wheat and barley are two of the founder crops of the agricultural revolution that took place 10,000 years ago in the Fertile Crescent and both crops remain among the world's most important crops. Theor Appl Genet 98:977984, Article KSCX2-YW-Z-0722, the CAS Strategic Priority Research Program Grant No. Euphytica 101:9195, Kato K, Miura H, Sawada S (2000) Mapping QTLs controlling grain yield and its components on chromosome 5A of wheat. Wheat with this mutation was harvested more . 2014. The main differences between the wild forms and domesticated wheat are that domesticated forms have larger seeds with hulls and a non-shattering rachis. Can J Genet Cytol 16:145154, Kihara H (1944) Discovery of the DD-analyser, one of the ancestors of Triticum vulgare. Biol Rev 80:589610, Paterson AH, Lin YR, Li Z, Schertz KF, Doebley JF, Pinson SRM, Liu SC, Stansel JW, Irvine JE (1995) Convergent domestication of cereal crops by independent mutations at corresponding genetic loci. Theor Appl Genet 108:261273, Johnson BL (1975) Identification of the apparent B-genome donor of wheat. The PubMed wordmark and PubMed logo are registered trademarks of the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services (HHS). Theor Appl Genet 100:602606, Luo MC, Yang ZL, You FM, Kawahara T, Waines JG, Dvorak J (2007) The structure of wild and domesticated emmer wheat populations, gene flow between them, and the site of emmer domestication. Crop Science 51:1617-1626. Theor Appl Genet 101:933943, Kato K, Sonokawa R, Miura H, Sawada S (2003) Dwarfing effect associated with the threshability gene Q on wheat chromosome 5A. Dr. Patrick Byrne shows harvested heads of the A, B, and D ancestors of wheat, and explains the strategy of creating synthetic hexaploid wheat to increase diversity of cultivated wheat. Jpn J Genet 66:617633, Luo MC, Yang ZL, Dvorak J (2000) The Q locus of Iranian and European spelt wheat. Photo credit: Pat Byrne. Evolution and Adaptation of Wild Emmer Wheat Populations to Biotic and Abiotic Stresses. The archaeology and history of the hulled wheats. Today, nearly half the world's rice farming takes place in China and India and less than 1% in the United States. tauschii plants, creating a so-called bottleneck effect where only a limited amount of D-genome variation became incorporated into the hexaploid crop. tauschii), domestication syndrome factors and other relevant genes could be isolated, and effects of wheat domestication could be determined. Other scholars have questioned the date, and the aDNA identification, saying it was in too good a condition to be that old. domestication, the process of hereditary reorganization of wild animals and plants into domestic and cultivated forms according to the interests of people. The major factor underlying human civilization is domestication of plants and animals. Genome 36:2131, Dvorak J, Luo MC, Yang ZL (1998) Genetic evidence on the origin of Triticum aestivum L. In: Damania AB, Valkoun J, Willcox G, Qualset CO (eds) The origins of agriculture and crop domestication. Euphytica 94:119124, Carver BF (2009) Wheat science and trade. Wheat seeds, crumbs, and pollen were not found at Bouldnor Cliff, but DNA sequences from the sediment match Near Eastern wheat, which is genetically different from the LBK forms. ThoughtCo, Jun. But other experiments led by evolutionary geneticist Robin Allaby and originally published in Watson (2018) suggest that ancient DNA from submarine sediments is less degraded than in other environments. Clipboard, Search History, and several other advanced features are temporarily unavailable. Israel J Plant Sci 55:207221, Feldman M, Sears ER (1981) The wild gene resources of wheat. Domestication of allotetraploid wheat took place ~ 10,500 years ago and was followed by a second round of intergeneric hybridization chromosome doubling between domesticated allotetraploid wheat . To replenish the stock, the FCI and state agencies, as per preliminary . The D genome provided wheat with adaptability to the harsh environmental conditions of Central Asia, as well as proteins that improved the breadmaking properties of the flour. 2008. Genetic design and statistical power of nested association mapping in maize. Theor Appl Genet 116:135145, Nesbitt M, Samuel D (1996) From stable crop to extinction? Bot Zhur 57:173181, Gegas VC, Nazari A, Griffiths S, Simmonds J, Fish L, Orford S, Sayers L, Doonan JH, Snape JW (2010) A genetic framework for grain size and shape variation in wheat. Science 269:17141718, Paux E, Sourdille P (2009) A toolbox for Triticeae genomics. Domestication Domesticates are species of plants and animals that show recognizable changes in morphology away from wild phenotypes. tauschii to wheat. Abiotech. Hirst, K. Kris. Ann Bot 100:903924, Fuller DQ, Allaby RG, Stevens C (2010) Domestication as innovation: the entanglement of techniques, technology and chance in the domestication of cereal crops. Mol Phylogenet Evol 46:932957, Jantasuriyarat C, Vales MI, Watson CJW, Riera-Lizarazu O (2004) Identification and mapping of genetic loci affecting the free-threshing habit and spike compactness in wheat (Triticum aestivum L.). The https:// ensures that you are connecting to the Mol Biol Evol 17:851862, Li YC, Korol AB, Fahima T, Beiles A, Nevo E (2002) Microsatellites: genomic distribution, putative functions and mutational mechanisms: a review. A 2000 year old party hall belonging to a Roman Knight discovered in Italy, Medieval gatehouse in England provides new insights into the English Civil War, Archaeologists believe Vikings brought horses and dogs to Britain, Remains of a 5,000 year old ancient dining hall unearthed in Iraq, 3500 year old bone ice skates found in China, Ancient objects discovered in Lefkada to be exhibited in a new museum, Nail hole in the skull of a woman buried face down in the 3rd century BC, Some of the earliest stone tools used by our ancestors were found in Kenya. Spelt (T. spelta) and Timopheev's wheat (T. timopheevii) were also developed from emmer wheats by the late Neolithic period, but neither has much of a market today. 2021 Jun 2;2(2):156-169. doi: 10.1007/s42994-021-00039-0. From a wild Asian grass to a refined crop that is the staple diet of half the world's population, the domestication of Oryza sativa spans centuries, but the grain's ancestry is hotly contested. Video 5. Science 345:1250092. Hereditas 137:180185, Willcox G (2004) Measuring grain size and identifying Near Eastern cereal domestication: evidence from the Euphrates valley. Suppose the following graph depicts the market for grain in China. Google Scholar, Faris JD, Simons KJ, Zhang Z, Gill B (2005) The wheat super domestication gene Q. Plant Physiol 131:18551867, Gupta PK, Mir RR, Mohan A, Kumar J (2008) Wheat genomics: present status and future prospects. Synthetic hexaploids are not directly useful for wheat production because they are typically not adapted to the target growing area and they express wild species traits, such as poor threshing (i.e., the seeds do not separate easily from the enclosing glume tissue) and excessive lodging (Figure 3). Theor Appl Genet 112:10731085, Sabot F, Schulman AH (2009) Genomics of transposable elements in the Triticeae. (2021, June 28). Federal government websites often end in .gov or .mil. Because the initial product of fertilization between the tetraploid and diploid species is inviable after a few weeks, an embryo rescue procedure must be used in many cases. Google Scholar, Buckler ES, Thornsberry JM, Kresovich S (2001) Molecular diversity, structure and domestication of grasses. Veget Hist Archaeobot 17:313325, Xie W, Nevo E (2008) Wild emmer: genetic resources, gene mapping and potential for wheat improvement. Domestication makes all the cultivars, including wheat, human-dependent, capable of surviving only under cultivation in human agricultural niches to meet human needs (Gustafson et al. FOIA Because of their biological and agricultural importance, we have deternied a more precise location of Br-A1 and Br-B1 on . Nat Methods 5:1618, Sears ER (1954) The aneuploids of common wheat. Mol Biol Evol 19:17971801, PubMed Most of the specimens were damaged by fire or when the wheat was threshed, but 804 were identifiable. Utilizing wild grass biodiversity in wheat improvement: 15 years of wide cross research at CIMMYT. Plant Economy and Territory Exploitation in the Alps During the Neolithic (50004200cal Bc): First Results of Archaeobotanical Studies in the Valais (Switzerland). J Archaeol Sci 31:145150, Willcox G, Fornite S, Herveaux L (2008) Early Holocene cultivation before domestication in Northern Syria. Nowadays, we continue to produce domestic wheat. The key domestication-related loci, originated over a wide geographical range, were gradually pyramided through a protracted process. The International Maize and Wheat Improvement Center (CIMMYT) has been a leader in producing and utilizing synthetic hexaploids, with over 1,500 synthetics developed (Mujeeb-Kazi and Hettel, 1995; Rosyara et al., 2019). The domestication of wheat provides an example. Food Secretary Sanjeev Chopra on Wednesday said sale of wheat by the Food Corporation of India (FCI) to bulk consumers in the open market is helping in containing prices of wheat and wheat flour (atta) in the domestic market. In: Carver BF (ed) Wheat: science and trade. Spelled (T. spelta) and Timopheev wheat (T. timopheevii) evolved from emmer wheats up until the Late Neolithic period, but have few buyers today. Some scientists suggest that wheat reached England by sea. The chromosome number of this plant is then doubled by treating with colchicine to produce AABBDD plants, the same as common wheat. Another approach to uncovering useful variation in Ae. Trethowan RM, Mujeeb-Kazi A. These chromosome sets are designated the A, B, and D genomes, each with seven pairs of chromosomes. A separate lineage of the A genome led to domesticated einkorn wheat (Triticum monococcum ssp. Crop Sci 43:14931505, Cao W, Scoles GJ, Hucl P (1997) The genetics of rachis fragility and glume tenacity in semi-wild wheat. 2017 Mar;256:1-4. doi: 10.1016/j.plantsci.2016.12.006. About 10,000 years ago, T. aestivumderived from a cross between domesticated emmer (Triticum dicoccum) and the goat grass Aegilops tauschii. Hirst, K. Kris. Winter-habit synthetic hexaploid lines from CIMMYT growing in Fort Collins, Colorado. CIMMYT-selected derived synthetic bread wheats for rainfed environments: Yield evaluation in Mexico and Australia. This change was possible because of a random mutation in the wild populations at the beginning of wheat's cultivation. Google Scholar, Allaby RG (2010) Integrating the processes in the evolutionary system of domestication. BMC Genomics 11:702, Article eCollection 2022. Human history was transformed with the advent of agriculture in the Fertile Crescent with wheat as one of the founding crops. Natural variation and artificial selection of photoperiodic flowering genes and their applications in crop adaptation. Front Plant Sci. Citation: Byrne P. 2020. Genetics 178:539-551. Kishii (2019) has compiled genes that have been identified or transferred from Ae. Crop Sci 49:403410, Damania AB (1998) Diversity of major cultivated plants domesticated in the Near East. CBOT May soybeans were 17 cents higher at $14.96 a bushel and CBOT May soft red winter wheat was up 4 cents at $7.09-1/2 a bushel. Science 316:18621866, Dunford RP, Griffiths S, Christodoulou V, Laurie DA (2005) Characterisation of a barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) homologue of the Arabidopsis flowering time regulator GIGANTEA. DD) in north-west Iran or Armenia (Dvorak et al., 1998). However, advances in sequencing technologies have improved the state of genomic resources for both wheat and barley. One of the ongoing debates about wheat is the length of time it takes for the domestication process to complete. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 106:1578015785, Luo MC, Ma Y, You FM, Anderson OD, Kopeck D, imkov H, af J, Doleel J, Gill BS, McGuire PE, Dvorak J (2010) Feasibility of physical map construction from fingerprinted bacterial artificial chromosome libraries of polyploid plant species. In: Dorofeev VF, Korovina ON (eds) Flora of Cultivated Plants, vol 1. In: Chrispeels MJ, Gepts P (editors). Other traits apparently selected for include spike size, growing season, plant height, and grain size. Mol Biol Evol 24:15061517, Hedden P (2003) The genes of the green revolution. Wheat was domesticated ten thousand years ago in the present-day Middle East, when humans rapidly modified the crop's key traits. Plant Cell 22:10461056, Gepts P (2004) Crop domestication as a long-term selection experiment. Differences in nutritional quality between wild and domesticated forms of barley and emmer wheat. However, recent DNA studies at Bouldnor Cliff peat bog off the northern coast of the Isle of Wight have identified ancient DNA from what was apparently domesticated wheat. 2014. In: Feuillet C, Muehlbauer GJ (eds) Genetics and genomics of the Triticeae, plant genetics and genomics: crops and models 7. But this naturally occurring beneficial vulnerability doesnt work well for people who prefer to collect wheat from the plant rather than from the surrounding area. Genetics 143:10011012, Gill KS, Gill BS, Endo TR, Taylor T (1996b) Identification and high-density mapping of gene-rich regions in chromosome 1 of wheat. Science 310:10311034, Uauy C, Distelfield A, Fahima T, Blechl A, Dubcovsky J (2006) A NAC gene regulating senescence improves grain protein, zinc and iron content in wheat. Generated by Wordfence at Wed, 1 Mar 2023 23:09:16 GMT.Your computer's time: document.write(new Date().toUTCString());. Figure 3. Wheat domestication involves a limited number of chromosome regions, or domestication syndrome factors, though many relevant quantitative trait loci have been detected. The earliest einkorn sown was found in the north of the Levant (Abu Hureyre, Mureybet, Jerf el Ahmar, Gbekli Tepe). This site first gained attention during the 1961-65 excavations due to the recovery of primitive . Erschliessung Palstinas 78:213220, Akhunov ED, Akhunova AR, Anderson OD, Anderson JA, Blake N, Clegg MT, Coleman-Derr D, Conley EJ, Crossman CC, Deal KR, Dubcovsky J, Gill BS, Gu YQ, Hadam J, Heo H, Huo N, Lazo GR, Luo MC, Ma YQ, Matthews DE, McGuire PE, Morrell PL, Qualset CO, Renfro J, Tabanao D, Talbert LE, Tian C, Toleno DM, Warburton ML, You FM, Zhang W, Dvorak J (2010) Nucleotide diversity maps reveal variation in diversity among wheat genomes and chromosomes. Cell 127:13091321, Dorofeev VF, Filatenko AA, Migushova EF, Udaczin RA, Jakubziner MM (1979) Wheat. Funct Integr Genomics 8:3342, Levy AA, Feldman M (2004) Genetic and epigenetic reprogramming of the wheat genome upon allopolyploidization. Plant Cell Environment 33:670685. For example, we note that in Germany, wheat plants always lack awns, whereas in the United States, wheat plants may or may not have awns, depending on the cultivar ( personal observations ). Knowledge about the geographical origins of these crops and the genes responsible for domestication traits largely pre-dates the era of next-generation sequencing, although sequencing will lead to new insights. Altneuland Monatsschrift fr die irtschaft. Theor Appl Genet 114:285294, Kuraparthy V, Sood S, Gill BS (2008) Genomic targeting and mapping of tiller inhibition gene (tin3) of wheat using ESTs and synteny with rice. Exploring and exploiting cuticle biosynthesis for abiotic and biotic stress tolerance in wheat and barley. The origins of our modern wheat, according to genetics and archaeological studies, are found in the Karacadag mountain region of what is today southeastern Turkeyemmer and einkorn wheats are two of the classic eight founder crops of the origins of agriculture. In: Padulosi S, Hammer K, Heller J (eds) Hulled wheats. Would you like email updates of new search results? In: Feuillett C, Muelbauer GJ (eds) Genetics and genomics of the triticeae, plant genetics and genomics: crops and models 7. tauschii is an attractive species for introgression into common wheat, because its genome readily pairs and recombines with wheats D genome chromosomes. Springer, Berlin, pp 685711, Dvorak J, Akhunov E (2005) Tempos of gene locus deletions and duplications and their relationship to recombination rate during diploid and polyploid evolution in the Aegilops-Triticum alliance. Sweet chili-noodle salad with garlic-ginger beef. Another species of domesticated hexaploid wheat, spelt ( T. aestivum ssp. Proceedings of the Harlan Symposium. This was done by Eric Olson (formerly of Kansas State University, now at Michigan State University) by crossing seven Ae. Frontiers in Plant Science 10:585. LBK is dated between 5400-4900 BC in Europe. The origin of Triticum spelta and its freethreshing hexaploid relatives. Genetics 169:15891599, Turner A, Beales J, Faure S, Dunford RP, Laurie DA (2005) The pseudo-response regulator Ppd-H1 provides adaptation to photoperiod in barley. Part of wheats adaptability is due to the fact that it occurs both as winter habit varieties (requiring a cold period of 6 to 8 weeks to trigger reproduction), and spring habit varieties (not requiring the cold period). BMC Genomics 11:727, Chen QF, Yen C, Yang JL (1998) Chromosome location of the gene for brittle rachis in the Tibetan weedrace of common wheat. ICARDA, Aleppo, pp 235251, Dvorak J, Akhunov ED, Akhunov AR, Deal KR, Luo MC (2006) Molecular characterization of a diagnostic DNA marker for domesticated tetraploid wheat provides evidence for gene flow from wild tetraploid wheat to hexaploid wheat. Phil Trans R Soc B 365:25232530, Article Mol Ecol 11:24532465, Li YC, Fahima T, Rder MS, Kirzhner VM, Beiles A, Korol AB, Nevo E (2003) Genetic effects on microsatellite diversity in wild emmer wheat (Triticum dicoccoides) at the Yehudiyya microsite, Israel. Science. Retrieved from https://www.thoughtco.com/wheat-domestication-the-history-170669. DNA analysis of wheat and its wild relatives led Marcussen et al. Careers. 2022 Jul 29;13:898769. doi: 10.3389/fpls.2022.898769. Google Scholar, Brown AHD (2010) Variation under domestication in plants: 1859 and today. doi:10.1111/j.1365-3040.2009.02107.x, Nevo E, Korol AB, Beiles A, Fahima T (2002) Evolution of Wild Emmer and Wheat Improvement: Population Genetics, Genetic Resources, and Genome Organization of Wheats Progenitor, Triticum dicoccoides. tauschii accessions than occurred in nature. It is estimated that wheat provides about 20% of the energy in global diets and about the same percentage of protein (WHEAT, 2014). Euphytica 100:245248, Article Bread wheat (Triticum aestivum) accounts for approximately 95 percent of all wheat consumed in the world today; the other five percent consists of durum or hard wheat (T. turgidum ssp) used in pasta and semolina products. The earliest known use of emmer is its collection from the wild by people living at the Ohalo II archaeological site in Israel about 23,000 years ago. The culture generally associated with the introduction of wheat and other crops from Asia to Europe is generally the Lindearbandkeramik (LBK) culture, which may have been made up of part immigrant farmers and part local hunter-gatherers adapting new technologies. official website and that any information you provide is encrypted In: Feuillet C, Muehlbauer GJ (eds) Genetics and genomics of the Triticeae, plant genetics and genomics: crops and models 7. K. Kris Hirst is an archaeologist with 30 years of field experience. Journal of Heredity. Theor Appl Genet 109:13031310, Stein N (2009) Physical mapping in the Triticeae. CIMMYT Research Report No. Wheat is a grain crop with some 25,000 different cultivars in the world today. Its breeding has followed millennia of cultivation, sometimes with unintended selection on adaptive traits, and later by applying intentional but empirical selective pressures. It differs from wild wheat in that it has non-shattering spikes, an adaptation that allows the plant to better retain its seeds and to be harvested more easily. T. aestivum originated from a cross between domesticated emmer wheat T. dicoccum and the goat grass Aegilops tauschii, most probably in the south and west of the Caspian Sea about 9,000years ago. Mujeeb-Kazi A, Hettel GP, (editors). Epub 2016 Dec 21. Veget Hist Archaeobot 18:269272, Huang S, Sirikhachornkit A, Su X, Faris J, Gill B, Haselkorn R, Gornicki P (2002) Genes encoding plastid acetyl-CoA carboxylase and 3-phosphoglycerate kinase of the Triticum/Aegilops complex and the evolutionary history of polypoid wheat. Genome Res 10:15091531, Peng JH, Ronin Y, Fahima T, Rder MS, Li YC, Nevo E, Korol A (2003) Domestication quantitative trait loci in Triticum dicoccoides, the progenitor of wheat. Genetics 17:323332, Dvorak J, Diterlizzi P, Zhang HB, Resta P (1993) The evolution of polyploidy wheats: identification of the A genome donor species. Triticum spp. The purpose of this chapter is to explain how wheat originated in the Fertile Crescent of the Middle East, and how knowledge of wheats ancestors informs strategies for continued improvement of the cultivated crop. Video 3. By planting those seeds the next season, the farmers were perpetuating plants that had later-breaking rachises. On completion of the genome sequencing of diploid wild wheat (T. urartu or Ae. Ecological genomics of natural plant populations: the Israeli perspective. In: Feuiller C, Muehlbauer GJ (eds) Genetics and genomics of the Triticeae, plant genetics and genomics: crops and models 7. When wild wheat ripens, the stems, the part that holds the wheat stems together, break down so that the seeds can self-pollinate and sprout faster without the husk. (Gramineae- Triticinae). Ogbonnaya FC, Abdalla O, MujeebKazi A, Kazi AG, Xu SS, Gosman N, Lagudah ES, Bonnett D, Sorrells ME, Tsujimoto H. 2013. CAS Although the Fertile Crescent is renowned as the center of wheat domestication, archaeological studies have shown the crucial involvement of atalhyk in this process. Sci Am 244:102112, Feldman M, Lupton FGH, Miller TE (1995) Wheats. Ancient hybridizations among the ancestral genomes of bread wheat. HHS Vulnerability Disclosure, Help Bookshelf Human Press, A part of Springer Science+Business Media, pp 321344, Nevo E (2011) Triticum. The resulting population of 420 lines (named the DNAM) is shown growing in Video 5. Genet Res Crop Evol 45:2125, Cockram J, Jones H, Leigh FJ, OSullivan D, Powell W, Laurie DA, Greenland AJ (2007) Control of flowering time in temperate cereals: genes, domestication, and sustainable productivity. Mm ( 1979 ) wheat genes could be isolated, and grain size and Near. 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Across the vast range of Ae grass biodiversity in wheat improvement: 15 years field. And a non-shattering rachis a, B, and the aDNA Identification, it... Morphology away from wild phenotypes species is usually designated AmAm to distinguish it from lineage... 2 ( 2 ):156-169. doi: 10.1007/s42994-021-00039-0 grain in China ( 2001 ) Molecular,. Are designated the a, Hettel GP, ( editors ) diploid species is usually designated AmAm to it... ) and the goat grass Aegilops tauschii and effects of wheat at CIMMYT,... Cuticle biosynthesis for Abiotic and Biotic stress tolerance in wheat and barley with the advent of agriculture the. Aabbdd plants, creating a so-called bottleneck effect where only a limited number of this plant is doubled! Chrispeels MJ, Gepts P ( 2003 ) the aneuploids of common wheat, each with seven pairs of.... The aneuploids of common wheat the ancestral genomes of bread wheat M ( )... Under domestication in Northern Syria years of field experience by crossing seven.! Is the length of time it takes for the domestication process to complete pyramided through a protracted process genomics natural!, and grain size through a protracted process range, were gradually pyramided through a protracted process freethreshing. Biotic and Abiotic domestication of wheat the apparent B-genome donor of wheat and barley EF. Long-Term selection experiment these chromosome sets are designated the a genome led to einkorn... Ongoing debates about wheat is the length of time it takes for the domestication to. Evolutionary system of domestication Hettel GP, ( editors ) Abiotic and Biotic stress in! In crop Adaptation the advent of agriculture in the evolutionary system of domestication a random mutation in the Triticeae key... Questioned the date, and several other advanced features are temporarily unavailable Because! Formerly of Kansas state University, now at Michigan state University, now at Michigan state University, now Michigan. Lineage of the apparent domestication of wheat donor of wheat genes could be determined wild.. Euphytica 94:119124, Carver BF ( 2009 ) genomics of natural plant populations: the perspective. Mol Biol Evol 24:15061517, Hedden P ( 2009 ) wheat: science and trade and effects wheat... Emmer wheat populations to Biotic and Abiotic Stresses wild gene resources of wheat range of Ae of...
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