Punic Wars, or Carthaginian Wars, Three wars (264241, 218201, 149146 bce) between Rome and Carthage. It entered Gaul and took an inland route, to avoid the Roman allies to the south. [240] Scipio gave battle to and destroyed two large Carthaginian armies. Some members of the city council denounced his actions and Hasdrubal had them put to death and took control of the city. Many historians believe that if Hannibal had pressed on and taken Rome, the second Punic war would have swung heavily in favor of the Carthaginians. Rome also established itself as the naval powerhouse in the Mediterranean Sea.What was the long term economic effect of the Punic wars on Rome?Roman resources were depleted as a result of the loss of territory during the Punic Wars.What were the main effects of the Punic Wars?Punic Wars, also known as Carthaginian Wars, occurred between the Roman Republic and the Carthaginian (Punic) empire from 264 to 146 bce. In 151BC Carthage raised an army, the treaty notwithstanding, and counterattacked the Numidians. [232] The Carthaginians were defeated, but Hasdrubal was able to withdraw the majority of his army and prevent any Roman pursuit; most of his losses were among his Iberian allies. A large Roman fleet sailed out in 256, repelled the entire Carthaginian fleet off Cape Ecnomus (near modern Licata) and established a fortified camp on African soil at Clypea (Klibia in Tunisia). document.getElementById( "ak_js_1" ).setAttribute( "value", ( new Date() ).getTime() ); Punic Wars, also called Carthaginian Wars, (264146 bce), a series of three wars between the Roman Republic and the Carthaginian (Punic) empire, resulting in. That's what makes the Punic Wars so difficult to understand. They made it easier to move troops to conflict areas. Carthage continued paying the war debt to Rome for the agreed upon fifty years and, when it was done, considered their treaty with Rome completed also. View metadata, citation and similar papers at core.ac.uk brought to you by CORE provided by Leiden University Scholary Publications Hannibal as spy chief Rose Mary Sheldon Hannibal's abilities as a general are legendary. Rome and Carthage . How did the Roman Republic influence the executive branch in the United States? The defeat of Carthage in the Third Punic War . In 207BC, after recruiting heavily in Gaul, Hasdrubal crossed the Alps into Italy in an attempt to join his brother, Hannibal, but was defeated before he could. This victory, by giving the Romans undisputed command of the sea, rendered certain the ultimate fall of the Punic strongholds in Sicily. [274] There were 50,000 Carthaginian prisoners, a small proportion of the pre-war population, who were sold into slavery. [229] In a carefully planned assault in 209BC, he captured Cartago Nova, the lightly-defended centre of Carthaginian power in Iberia. [269], Scipio moved back to a close blockade of the city and built a mole which cut off supply from the sea. He then marched his massive army across the Pyrenees and Alps into central Italy in what would be remembered as one of the most read more, Lupercalia was an ancient pagan festival held each year in Rome on February 15. [208], A rebellion in support of the Carthaginians broke out on Sardinia in 213BC, but it was quickly put down by the Romans. [206], During 216BC the Macedonian king, Philip V, pledged his support to Hannibal,[207] initiating the First Macedonian War against Rome in 215BC. At Mylae (Milazzo), off the north Sicilian coast, their admiral Gaius Duilius defeated a Carthaginian squadron of superior maneuvering capacity by grappling and boarding. (Which was largely reserved for inhabitants of the city of Carthage. His grandnephew became the first person to rule as emperor. Hannibal then proceeded to win every single engagement against the Romans, conquering northern Italy and gathering former allies of Rome to his side. They served under a variety of arrangements; for example, some were the regular troops of allied cities or kingdoms seconded to Carthage as part of formal treaties, some were from allied states fighting under their own leaders, many were volunteers from areas under Carthaginian control who were not Carthaginian citizens. It resulted in the destruction of Carthage. . These wars are collectively called the Punic Wars. He created jobs in overseas Roman colonies for those in poverty. [71] Away from the coasts its hilly and rugged terrain made manoeuvring large forces difficult and so encouraged defensive strategies. [271] At times the Romans progressed from rooftop to rooftop, to prevent missiles being hurled down on them. [12][15][16] Several of the city states in southern Italy allied with Hannibal or were captured when pro-Carthaginian factions betrayed their defences. How did the Twelve Tables help establish the rule of law in the Roman Republic? In 202 BCE at the Battle of Zama, the Romans are able to decisively beat Hannibal. [201] A second force, under Hannibal's youngest brother Mago, was meant to land in Italy in 215BC but was diverted to Iberia after the Carthaginian defeat there at the battle of Dertosa. [67] As a result, the Romans were initially at a disadvantage against the more experienced Carthaginians. Even so, they lacked the expertise at sea of the Carthaginians and, more importantly, were lacking a general with the skill of the Carthaginian Hamilcar Barca (l. 275-228 BCE). Our editors will review what youve submitted and determine whether to revise the article. The Roman adaptation of the corvus was a continuation of this trend and compensated for their initial disadvantage in ship-manoeuvring skills. In the century prior to the Punic Wars, boarding had become increasingly common and ramming had declined, as the larger and heavier vessels adopted in this period increasingly lacked the speed and manoeuvrability necessary to ram effectively, while their sturdier construction reduced a ram's effect on them even in case of a successful attack. Hamilcar Barca was called upon to raise the siege and did so, even though Carthage had refused him the much-needed supplies and reinforcements on his campaigns on her behalf and he had led most of these mercenaries in battle himself. It took place from 218 BC to 201 BC. Hannibal was caught in southern Italy in a cat & mouse game with the. PublicAffairs. Which group could be elected to the Senate for life? Please note that some of these recommendations are listed under our old name, Ancient History Encyclopedia. How was a freshwater supply transported from the Tiber River to the city of Rome? However, the Romans did the . By 265 B.C., Carthage was the wealthiest and most advanced city in the region, as well as its leading naval power. The Punic wars were a series of conflicts encompassing 43 years of war over more than a century, from 265 BCE to 146 BCE. By 212BC the full complement of the legions deployed would have been in excess of 100,000 men, plus, as always, a similar number of allied troops. Rome and Carthage fought in the Punic Wars. He has taught history, writing, literature, and philosophy at the college level. [245][246] Unlike most battles of the Second Punic War, the Romans had superiority in cavalry and the Carthaginians in infantry. With the Punic Wars, they got all the resources they needed from the Republic and from the Carthaginians. [229][231] Even so, many of them later fought against the Romans. How did the Servian Wall contribute to the development of Rome? Omissions? These wars were fought on three frontiers. This could be increased to 5,000 in some circumstances, Roman and Greek sources refer to these foreign fighters derogatively as "mercenaries", but the modern historian Adrian Goldsworthy describes this as "a gross oversimplification". [55] Many battles were decided when one side's infantry force was attacked in the flank or rear and they were partially or wholly enveloped. As the history of the conflict was written by Roman authors, they labeled them collectively as 'The Punic Wars' which refers to: Rome won all three of these wars, allowing the Romans to dominate the Mediterranean region which had previously been controlled by Carthage. Save my name, email, and website in this browser for the next time I comment. Nevertheless, three years . [92] At the battle of Tunis in spring 255BC a combined force of infantry, cavalry and war elephants under the command of the Spartan mercenary Xanthippus crushed the Romans. Please support World History Encyclopedia. The Punic Wars are also considered to include the four-year-long revolt against Carthage which started in 241 BC. The Republic at War (218-201BC) The Second Punic War was an unprecedented challenge for the Romans in a variety of ways, one being the multiple theatres in which it was fought. [62][63], In 260BC Romans set out to construct a fleet and used a shipwrecked Carthaginian quinquereme as a blueprint for their own. The besiegers met with a gallant resistance and in 249 were compelled to withdraw by the loss of their fleet in a surprise attack upon Drepanum, in which the admiral Publius Claudius Pulcher was repulsed with a loss of 93 ships. The Romans objected to this attack and demanded that Carthage deliver Hannibal to Rome. At the start of the war Carthage was the dominant power of the western Mediterranean, with an extensive maritime empire, while Rome was a rapidly expanding power in Italy, with a strong army but no navy. Submitted by Joshua J. Through a treaty with the small city of Rome, she barred Roman trade in the Western Mediterranean and, as Rome had no navy, was able to easily enforce the treaty. This breach of the recently signed treaty is considered by modern historians to be the single greatest cause of war with Carthage breaking out again in 218BC in the Second Punic War. [98][99], The war continued, with neither side able to gain a decisive advantage. After studying the Punic Wars, it's sometimes difficult to identify the causes and effects of each war, including the effects on the incapacitated people of Carthage. ~. His romantic and political read more, In the realm of infectious diseases, a pandemic is the worst case scenario. The temper of the Roman people was soon made manifest during a conflict which broke out between the Carthaginians and their discontented mercenaries. The Punic Wars are also considered to include the four-year-long revolt against Carthage which started in 241BC. Both empires wanted to take control of Sicily and Corsica, the ideal trading spot in the entire Mediterranean. [68], All warships were equipped with rams, a triple set of 60-centimetre-wide (2ft) bronze blades weighing up to 270 kilograms (600lb) positioned at the waterline. [159], Meanwhile, Hannibal assembled a Carthaginian army in New Carthage (modern Cartagena) in Iberia and led it northwards along the coast in May or June. [30], Most male Roman citizens were eligible for military service and would serve as infantry, with a better-off minority providing a cavalry component. [119] Goldsworthy describes Roman manpower losses as "appalling". They kept the people happy by providing them with cheap food and entertainment. Which statement best describes a challenge in the Roman economy? They substitute for the limited written records that describe the founding of Rome. The origin of these conflicts is to be found in the position which Rome acquired, about 275 bce, as leader and protector of all Italy. . The end result was that Rome defeated Carthage and went on to dominate both the western and eastern halves of the Mediterranean. It lasted 23 years, until 241BC, when the Carthaginians were defeated. [255], In 149BC a Roman army of approximately 50,000 men, jointly commanded by both consuls, landed near Utica, 35 kilometres (22mi) north of Carthage. Why did the Roman Republic have two consuls? [100] The Carthaginians attacked and recaptured Akragas in 255BC, but not believing they could hold the city they razed and abandoned it. [219], After Publius Cornelius Scipio invaded the Carthaginian homeland in 204BC, defeating the Carthaginians in two major battles and winning the allegiance of the Numidian kingdoms of North Africa, Hannibal and the remnants of his army were recalled. Carthage's new allies felt little sense of community with Carthage, or even with each other. [154], In 218BC there was some naval skirmishing in the waters around Sicily; the Romans defeated a Carthaginian attack[155][156] and captured the island of Malta. First Punic War, also called First Carthaginian War, (264-241 bce) first of three wars between the Roman Republic and the Carthaginian (Punic) empire that resulted in the destruction of Carthage. However, the scheme of preparing for a fresh conflict found a worthy champion in Hamilcar Barca. Corrections? [2] He is best known for The Histories, written sometime after 146BC. The Punic Wars and Expansion. This battle confirmed Roman dominance in Italy and marked the end of their Fabian strategy. Hannibal, a sworn enemy of Rome, received intelligence that Roman armies were moving against him and, in a bold gamble, marched his forces over the Alps and into northern Italy. What importance does Carthage serve in the Punic [23], Beginning in 480BC Carthage fought a series of inconclusive wars against the Greek city-states of Sicily, led by Syracuse. The triumvirate took control of the government. As many as 50,000 Roman citizens and another 350,000 allies had been killed . Rome's army gained new soldiers from conquered territories. A cavalry force of 4,000 from the other Roman army was also engaged and wiped out. What was a characteristic of the Roman Senate? Let us know if you have suggestions to improve this article (requires login). The challenge the nascent Roman Empire faced wasn't just that their opponents were bigger than them. 1,200 talents was approximately 30,000kg (30 long tons) of silver. [251], Under the pressure of the war, the Romans developed an increasingly effective system of logistics to equip and feed the unprecedented numbers of soldiers they field. [270] In the spring of 146BC the Roman army managed to secure a foothold on the fortifications near the harbour. They write new content and verify and edit content received from contributors. The general population of the Roman society increased, causing lots of "poor plebs" to be present. Scipio Africanus. Wars of the fall of the Western Roman Empire, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Punic_Wars&oldid=1135825581, Short description is different from Wikidata, Wikipedia pages semi-protected against vandalism, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License 3.0, This page was last edited on 27 January 2023, at 02:31. The Syracusan army proved no match for a Roman army led by Claudius Marcellus and by spring 213BC Syracuse was besieged. [179][180] The prisoners were badly treated if they were Romans, but released if they were from one of Rome's Latin allies. This erupted into full-scale mutiny under the leadership of Spendius and Matho; 70,000 Africans from Carthage's oppressed dependant territories flocked to join the mutineers, bringing supplies and finance. [note 11][135][136] Weakened by 30 years of war, Carthage agreed rather than again enter into conflict with Rome. [195] Fabius was elected consul in 215 BC and was re-elected in 214 BC. They are known as the Punic Wars because the Latin term for Carthaginian was Punici (older Poenici, from their Phoenician ancestry). Two years later, Hannibal marched his army across the Ebro River into Saguntum, an Iberian city under Roman protection, effectively declaring war on Rome. These included the large city of Capua and the major port city of Tarentum (modern Taranto). How did both the construction of roads and the Mediterranean Sea contribute to the expansion of the Roman Republic? Although Valentines Day shares its name with a martyred Christian saint, some historians believe the holiday is actually an offshoot of Lupercalia. [262][263] The Roman army moved to lay siege to Carthage, but its walls were so strong and its citizen-militia so determined it was unable to make any impact, while the Carthaginians struck back effectively. How did the results of the First Punic War lead to the Second Punic War? The Battle of the Metaurus (207 BCE) was a military engagement Carthaginian warfare has been overshadowed by defeat to Rome in Scipio Africanus Major (l. 236-183 BCE) received his epithet due Carthage Must Be Destroyed: The Rise and Fall of an Ancient Civilization Intelligence Activities in Ancient Rome: Trust in the Gods but Verify, Livy: The Early History of Rome, Books I-V. They favored the patrician class and did not like that Caesar was popular with the plebeians. The Mamertini appealed to both Rome and Carthage, and the Carthaginians, arriving first, occupied Messana and effected a reconciliation with Hieron. Polybius gives 140,000 personnel in the Roman fleet and 150,000 in the Carthaginian; these figures are broadly accepted by historians of the conflict. Fabius refused to engage Hannibal directly relying, instead, on cutting off his supplies and starving his army. The Roman senator Cato the Elder took the threat so seriously that he would end all of his speeches, no matter the subject, with the phrase, And, further, I think that Carthage should be destroyed. In 149 BCE Rome sent an embassy to Carthage suggesting exactly that course: that the city should be dismantled and moved inland away from the coast. Raising fresh troops to replace these delayed the army's departure for Iberia until September. Carthage and Rome came into conflict as they sought to expand; Rome defeated Carthage in the three Punic Wars. The unresolved strategic rivalry between Rome and Carthage caused the Second Punic War to break out in 218 BC, sparking a major but ultimately unsuccessful revolt within the Carthaginian Empire. [170] A large Roman army was lured into combat by Hannibal at the battle of the Trebia, encircled and destroyed. [258] Rome demanded that if war were to be avoided, the Carthaginians must hand over all of their armaments. Punic Wars, also known as Carthaginian Wars, occurred between the Roman Republic and the Carthaginian (Punic) empire from 264 to 146 bce. Below is the article summary. [175][181], The Romans, panicked by these heavy defeats, appointed Quintus Fabius as dictator, with sole charge of the war effort. What were the Roman consuls allowed to do during times of crisis? They ordered him to give up his military and return to Rome. If either commander felt at a disadvantage, they might march off without engaging. What concern did Romans have about Julius Caesar? Some Rights Reserved (2009-2023) under Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike license unless otherwise noted. [116][205] By 207BC Hannibal had been confined to the extreme south of Italy and many of the cities and territories which had joined the Carthaginian cause had returned to their Roman allegiance. This caused Carthage to cease to be a military threat. Rome was better disposed to protracted warfare all three times they went up against Carthage. The region provided several types of fighters, including: close order infantry equipped with large shields, helmets, short swords and long thrusting spears; javelin-armed light infantry skirmishers; close order shock cavalry[note 6] (also known as "heavy cavalry") carrying spears; and light cavalry skirmishers who threw javelins from a distance and avoided close combat; the latter were usually Numidians. [273] The next morning the Romans started systematically working their way through the residential part of the city, killing everyone they encountered and firing the buildings behind them. For the full article, see, The interval between the First and Second Punic Wars (241218, https://www.britannica.com/summary/Punic-Wars, The western Mediterranean during the Punic Wars. This forced the generals and politicians to create spectacular games to keep them happy and their morale up. In the battle of Cannae the Roman legions forced their way through Hannibal's deliberately weak centre, but Libyan heavy infantry on the wings swung around their advance, menacing their flanks. [43] In addition both Iberia and Gaul provided many experienced infantry and cavalry. [33] The balance were equipped as heavy infantry, with body armour, a large shield and short thrusting swords. How did the Punic Wars affect Carthage? [note 3][2] Other sources include coins, inscriptions, archaeological evidence and empirical evidence from reconstructions, such as the trireme Olympias. This was insufficient to challenge Hannibal's army in open battle, but sufficient to force him to concentrate his forces and to hamper his movements. (2018, April 18). The end of the First Punic War saw the beginning of the Roman expansion beyond the Italian peninsula. [249] Henceforth it was clear that Carthage was politically subordinate to Rome. [note 8][89][90][91] The invasion initially went well and in 255BC the Carthaginians sued for peace; the proposed terms were so harsh they decided to fight on. [220] After the second of these Syphax was pursued and taken prisoner by Masinissa at the battle of Cirta; Masinissa then seized most of Syphax's kingdom with Roman help. Such Italian forces as were raised resisted operating away from their home cities and performed poorly when they did. [271][272] Scipio launched a major assault which quickly captured the city's main square, where the legions camped overnight. The Romans now directed their efforts once more against Sicily. Since the 19th-century read more, As the first Roman emperor (though he never claimed the title for himself), Augustus led Romes transformation from republic to empire during the tumultuous years following the assassination of his great-uncle and adoptive father Julius Caesar. [245], The new peace treaty dictated by Rome stripped Carthage of all of its overseas territories and some of its African ones; an indemnity of 10,000 silver talents[note 15] was to be paid over 50 years; hostages were to be taken; Carthage was forbidden to possess war elephants and its fleet was restricted to 10 warships; it was prohibited from waging war outside Africa and in Africa only with Rome's express permission. The pressures that Rome faced during the Second Punic War resulted in significant changes to the Roman political system. While every effort has been made to follow citation style rules, there may be some discrepancies. In 260 the Romans built their first large fleet of standard battleships. During the Pyrrhic War of 280275BC, against a king of Epirus who alternately fought Rome in Italy and Carthage on Sicily, Carthage provided materiel to the Romans and on at least one occasion used its navy to ferry a Roman force. The Mercenary War lasted from 241-237 BCE and, while Carthage was engaged in this conflict, Rome occupied the Carthaginian colonies of Sardinia and Corsica. The Carthaginian territory became the Roman province of Africa. Rome brought in an army to settle the dispute and Carthage took that as an act of war. What was the cause of the First Punic War? [174] Hannibal hoped some of these allies could be persuaded to defect and marched south hoping to win over Roman allies among the ethnic Greek and Italic states. We contribute a share of our revenue to remove carbon from the atmosphere and we offset our team's carbon footprint. Scipio allowed Carthage to retain her colonies in Africa but she had to surrender her navy and was not allowed to make war under any circumstances without Rome's approval. Thank you! "|not ordinary; cruel|beyond a person's ability to survive| The first war broke out after a group of mercenaries seized control of Messana He is remembered for expanding and reforming the Roman Republic. After gaining control of Sicily during the First Punic War, Romes strong navy could strike Carthaginian territory easily by sea. The elephants routed through the Carthaginian infantry, who were then charged by the Roman infantry to complete their defeat. This was a long war, beginning in 264 BC and not ending until 241 BC. Rome won all three wars. Third Punic War (149 - 146 B.C) The third Punic War compound the belic conflict which led to the total eradication of the Carthaginian civilization and culture. Land operations were largely confined to raids, sieges and interdiction; in 23 years of war on Sicily there were only two full-scale pitched battles. Punic Wars, also known as Carthaginian Wars, occurred between the Roman Republic and the Carthaginian (Punic) empire from 264 to 146 bce. Punic Wars, also called Carthaginian Wars, (264-146 bce), a series of three wars between the Roman Republic and the Carthaginian (Punic) empire, resulting in the destruction of Carthage, the enslavement of its population, and Roman hegemony over the western Mediterranean. [121] This new fleet effectively blockaded the Carthaginian garrisons. Wealthy males continued their education past the age of 12. He was defeated in the battle of Zama in 202 BC and Carthage sued for peace. [184], In the 216BC elections Gaius Varro and Lucius Paullus were elected as consuls; both were more aggressive-minded than Fabius. [118] Rome was also close to bankruptcy and the number of adult male citizens, who provided the manpower for the navy and the legions, had declined by 17 per cent since the start of the war. The Carthaginians had already agreed to help and felt betrayed by the Mamertines' appeal to Rome. The Romans killed the Carthaginians on the elephants and sent the animals back into the Carthaginian ranks, then followed with a combined cavalry charge and infantry advance which caught the enemy between and crushed them. - In the First Punic War, Rome gained . The remaining Carthaginian-controlled towns then surrendered or were taken through force or treachery[214][215] and the Sicilian grain supply to Rome and its armies was secured. We would much rather spend this money on producing more free history content for the world. The World History Encyclopedia logo is a registered trademark. In 146BC the Romans stormed the city of Carthage, sacked it, slaughtered or enslaved most of its population, and completely demolished the city. [263], In early 147BC Scipio Aemilianus, an adopted grandson of Scipio Africanus who had distinguished himself during the previous two years' fighting, was elected consul and took control of the war. Related Content [76], After this the land war on Sicily reached a stalemate as the Carthaginians focused on defending their well-fortified towns and cities; these were mostly on the coast and so could be supplied and reinforced without the Romans being able to use their superior army to interfere. Territory easily by sea these included the large city of Carthage were to be,. This was a freshwater supply transported from the atmosphere and we offset our 's... How did both the western and eastern halves of the sea, rendered certain the ultimate fall of the council... Carefully planned assault in 209BC, he captured Cartago Nova, the Romans the Tiber River to the Roman to! In the realm of infectious diseases, a small proportion of the sea. 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This battle confirmed Roman dominance in Italy and gathering former allies of Rome 43! Expansion beyond the Italian peninsula undisputed command of the city ] Goldsworthy describes Roman manpower losses as `` ''! Romans undisputed command of the Mediterranean inhabitants of the corvus was a long War, Rome gained from 218 to... Undisputed command of the Mediterranean sea contribute to the Senate for life in..., rendered certain the ultimate fall of the corvus was a freshwater transported. Henceforth it was clear that Carthage was politically subordinate to Rome against Carthage which started 241..., and counterattacked the Numidians however, the Carthaginians and their discontented mercenaries sense community... Remove carbon from the Carthaginians and their discontented mercenaries holiday is actually an of! # x27 ; s what makes the Punic Wars are also considered to include the four-year-long revolt against which... 265 B.C., Carthage was politically subordinate to Rome name, email, and philosophy at battle... Standard battleships this victory, by giving the Romans built their First large fleet of standard battleships every...
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