It would also make naval combat more challenging and unpredictable, as someone could . A galleon firing its cannons by Veerbeck XVI. Though its exact origins are uncertain, the galleon design combined distinct features of ships from the Mediterranean and northern Europe - two . Preparation and the transport of goods required porters, innkeepers, and foodstuffs to help facilitate travel. But frankly I don't see a shipwreck in those 3D images. How many men would set sail on a Spanish galleon in the 1500s? One, the San Agustin, sank in 1595, victim of a gale in Drakes Bay, northwest of San Francisco. The main procedures were established based on the recommendations of Pedro Menndez de Avils, an experienced admiral and personal adviser of King Philip II. Little of the wealth stayed in Spain. I see that in Peter Kirsch's book The Galleon: The Great Ships of the Armada Era (Naval Institute Press, 1990), in Figure 84 on page 140, there is a capstan with a similar shape on a cross-sectional drawing of a reconstruction of an early seventeenth century galleon from Stockholm, Sweden (see number 73): Afterward, divers recovered most of the treasure aboard. Mexico has declared the area an underwater cultural heritage site because of the many wrecks which can be found there, including two Spanish galleons. But after the momentous defeat of the Armada, there was an overhaul of the management of the galleon guns. But once the vessel was on the high ocean, the lateens were replaced by the sturdy square sails suited to stormy weather. The galleon was designed to protect the annual treasure fleets sailing between Spain and the New World. Well, as it turns out, researchers from the Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution (WHOI), the Colombian Navy, Maritime Archaeology Consultants and Switzerland AG did find the Holy Grail of shipwrecks in 2015, and only recently received permission to tell the world about the find. In 1526 AD, the Spanish crown decided upon the flota system that basically entailed convoys of vessels guarded by armed escort ships. In 16th-century Spanish circles, the basic rule prescribed by shipbuilders and the administration entailed how each ship should carry one person per tonelada of its weight. . All Rights Reserved. Historic Shipwrecks in the Gulf of Mexico, 2,000-year-old shipwreck containing Roman jugs found in Greece, Underwater archaeologists discovered a huge, centuries-old shipwreck in Poland, 16th Century Portuguese trading ship, found off Namibia, The Journal of Arts Management, Law, and Society. The ship's location: is 24 55.491' north, 80 30.891' west. The Spanish culture ministry has begun an inventory of shipwrecks in the Americas, identifying 681 vessels that sank between 1492 and 1898. This English merchant ship traded between England and the Spanish colonies in the West Indies during the late 1630s, and was reputed to be carrying 100,000 pounds of gold and plenty of other valuables when it took its final, fateful trip. The treasure trove of gold, silver and gems it holds is worth an estimated $1 to $17 billion, reports Lauren Landrum at CNN. Four were stationed in the powder room and as many as four carpenters repaired damage belowdeck. How Many Spanish Treasure Ships Are Still Lost? While this is, of course, only an estimate, and while the preservation of their remains depends much on the environment, some of these wrecks are thousands of years old.. The execution is complex.. It necessarily excludes smuggling, which was increasingly important after 1600. Please let us know via the Contact Us link, provided both above the top bar and at the bottom bar of the page. Clues to forgotten migrations of Filipinos, Sephardic Jews emerge. How much did a galleon cost? of porcelain and beeswax that still . of missing model, 28, is found . Salvage workers recovered items from the sunken ship over more than 10 years. the Spanish galleons that connected America to Spain. Now, of course, the whole world knows, but the researchers arent giving out many details. Archaeologists have located the remains of fewer than a quarterof the 681 vessels on the inventory to date. For example, two galleons, the Santisima Trinidad (in 1754 and 1755) and the Nuestra Seora del Rosario (1749) had crews of over 384, as presented in the table which you can access by clicking the link below. Only the Dutch admiral Piet Hein managed to capture an entire fleet, in the Battle in the Bay of Matanzas in 1628, after which its cargo was taken to the Dutch Republic. Read More How do you pick a really good watermelon?Continue. if(typeof ez_ad_units!='undefined'){ez_ad_units.push([[300,250],'realmofhistory_com-box-4','ezslot_6',156,'0','0'])};__ez_fad_position('div-gpt-ad-realmofhistory_com-box-4-0');In essence, it can be surmised that the galleon design was inspired by the combination of both the maneuverability of caravels and the hefty nature of carracks, bolstered by the millennia-old tradition of shipbuilding along the Mediterranean coast. And in case we have not attributed or misattributed any image, artwork or photograph, we apologize in advance. The Spanish Empire in the Americas collected a lot of gold and other valuables, and the only way to get it home was by ship. Some resorted to contraband to transport their cargoes untaxed. As for the guns on board, many of the older wrought iron specimens were already replaced by bronze ordnance by 1588 AD. He would. Carracks, galleon (center/right), square rigged caravel (below), galley and fusta (galliot) depicted by D. Joo de Castro on the "Suez Expedition" (part of the Portuguese Armada of 72 ships sent against the Ottoman fleet anchored in Suez, Egypt, in response to its entry in the Indian Ocean and the siege of Diu in 1538) - Tbuas . I just sat there for about 10 minutes and smiled, he tells CBS News. REMUS got within 30 feet of the wreck, close enough to image the ship's unique canons. . Added to this revolting scope was the danger of other vermin, including cockroaches, fleas, and lice. This week's #MaritimeMonday presents the anchors of the galleon San Jose.This Manila galleon got stuck on a reef in Looc Bay on the southeast part of Lubang Island, Mindoro Occidental, while trying to seek refuge from a storm. Ask a modern-day treasure hunter what ship theyd most want to find and many would say theyd give their right arm to discover the wreck of the San Jos, a Spanish treasure ship that went to the bottom of the Caribbean Sea in 1708. [40], The wreck of the Spanish merchant ship Encarnacin, part of the Tierra Firme fleet, was discovered in 2011 with much of its cargo still aboard and part of its hull intact. In fact, during the campaign of 1588, the English commanders preferred to engage in artillery duels, thereby not allowing the Spanish galleons and other warships to come in close range. Operating for 250 years, the massive cargo ships sailed and carried forth luxury items like spices and porcelain to the New World in exchange for silver. And by 1588 AD, when the Spanish Armada arguably was at its peak, the crown boasted three humongous 1,000-ton galleons accompanied by eight 800-ton galleons and eight 600-ton galleons. To that end, in the following years, one of the widespread tactics adopted by many contemporary European navies related to the line of the battle basically entailing the formation of a line of ships end to end, which allowed them to collectively fire their cannon volleys from the broadsides without any danger of friendly-fire. Moreover, proper rationing onboard was a common practice in galleons, with most sailors given their daily share of the ship biscuit made of wheat, menestra a hearty stew of chickpeas, rice, lentils, and broad beans, and rough red wine. [44][45][46], The San Jos was sunk in 1708 by British forces near Colombian's coasts. In 1713 as part of the Treaty of Utrecht after the War of the Spanish Succession, the Spanish crown was forced to make concessions which included trading privileges for England that violated the previous Spanish monopoly on legal trade to its colonial holdings. In 1708, however, the escort squadron was delayed. Thus in the following decades, the galleons design and armaments went through numerous changes that rather propelled its status as a dedicated warship rather than an armed carrier. Did an Ancient Magnetic Field Reversal Cause Chaos for Life on Earth 42,000 Years Ago? Date: June to September 1588.. Area of the Spanish Armada campaign: The English Channel, the North Sea and the seas around the North and West of Scotland, the Orkneys and the West of Ireland.. Combatants in the Spanish Armada campaign: The Armada (Spanish for "Fleet"), manned by Spaniards, Portuguese, Italians, Germans, Dutch, Flemings, Irish and English against the . Such arrangements were complemented by strict regulations that dictated the specified construction and adjustment of almost every section of the ship. So after the delivery of the galleon, it was the responsibility of the crown to outfit the vessel with various components and armaments, ranging from navigational instruments, ordinance, and ship boats to even the decoration of the craft (usually comprising religiously-inspired figures). Fear not there is lots and lots of treasure left to discoverifyou have the time, the skill, the financial backing, the equipment and the luck to find it. Per the Associated Press, the United Nations cultural agency Unesco has stepped into the ownership dispute, and it recently called on Colombia not to commercially exploit the 300-year-old wreck.. How can you avoid a rash from poison oak? [28], The overland journey by mule train, as well as supplies provided by local farmers to prepare the fleets for long ocean voyages, invigorated the economy of colonial Spanish America. Ancient graffiti has been found onarchaeologicaldigs and excavations in several different countries around the globe. This had been shipped from the Pacific coast port of Callao and transported across the isthmus of Panama by mule. But by the early 17th century, the crown offered incentives to private contractors and financiers to build their warships from the ground up. The first ship was lost in 1694, and the second one in 1735. And in mainland Spain, Bilbao and its surrounding regions became the most important center for shipbuilding, not only because of access to good-quality timber but also because the nearby Basque area iron industries furnished the artillery needed for the galleons. Crew . From Acapulco, the Asian goods were transhipped by mule train to Veracruz to be loaded onto the Caribbean treasure fleet for shipment to Spain. One of the primary design changes focused on smaller yet more maneuverable galleon types some of which were also tasked with carrying coins from the Americas. TheUnderwater Cultural Heritagedivision of the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO) notes, It can be estimated that over 3 million wrecks are spread across ocean floors around the planet. [24] In 1790, the Casa de Contratacin was abolished, bringing to an end the great general purpose fleets. Legendary Spanish galleon shipwreck discovered on Oregon coast In 1693, a ship carrying silk and beeswax from the Philippines to Mexico mysteriously vanished. By the latter part of the century, the empire could also call upon Portuguese shipyards and foreign ports in Italy, Sicily, and Flanders to provide resources for their shipbuilding endeavors. The hull on either side tapered in towards the centre to create a more stable ship, particularly useful when firing its cannons. Galleons were only about 160 feet long. 6. [34] None of these attacks took place in open seas. The following table gives the estimated legal production. On their way back to Spain a hurricane caused more than 20 ships to be wrecked on the Florida Keys losing all its cargo of timber, ballast stones and silver pesos. The Spanish Armada used Galleons and Merchant ships. Cookie Settings, REMUS image, Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution. Most galleons weighed 300-500 tons. Now a risky mission has recovered its timberssolving a 300-year-old puzzle. Spain eventually built much larger, more elaborate galleons with the combined purpose of carrying cargo and soldiers. Fleets of fifty or more ships sailed from Spain, one bound for the Mexican port of Veracruz and the other for Panama and Cartagena. The Spanish culture ministry has begun an inventory of shipwrecks in the Americas, identifying 681 vessels that sank between 1492 and 1898. Was the Black Pearl a real ship? Of the 2 million pesos reaching the Dutch Republic in that year, 75% went to the Baltic for naval stores and 25% went to Asia. Also, the 1588 campaign was a shock defeat for the Spanish Armada, and the result may have ushered in changes in the Spanish navy. These well-armed vessels relied on sails while being also accommodated with secondary oars (or sweeps) until the latter mechanism was totally relegated by the 1560s. [19] However, the growth in trade was strong in the early years. In that regard, during the Battle of Preveza, circa 1538 AD, a Venetian ship, described as a galleon, was said to have countered multiple Turkish galleys thereby suggesting how the vessel was well-armed and yet maneuverable. French pirates established themselves in Saint-Domingue in 1625, were expelled, only to return later, and the Dutch occupied Curaao in 1634. The organized system of convoys dates from 1564, but Spain sought to protect shipping prior to that by organizing protection around the largest Caribbean island, Cuba, and the maritime region of southern Spain and the Canary Islands because of attacks by pirates and foreign navies. Among these, the pedreros used as close-range anti-personnel weapons, and bombardettas with their lower ranges when compared to bronze guns, were increasingly considered outdated by the 17th century. The Spanish galleon developed early in the 16th century taking features from the Portuguese nao i.e. Heres a look at some examples! An itchy, painful rash from poison oak is no fun at all and just because you never had a problem before doesnt mean you wont have a reaction. 9. I'm not a marine archaeologist, butI know what a cannon looks like. Described as steaming like hell and stinking like the devil by one Spanish passenger in 1573 AD, the sullied water and the residues even had the tendency to attract rats one of the major health risks inside ships during the period. Type Multiple Choice. Here are a few you might want to check out: If, after all that, youre looking to get your feet wet, so to speak, check out these companies that offer dive tours and more:Historic Shipwrecks in the Gulf of Mexico,Honolulu ship (and plane) wrecks,Dive Worldwide and Volunteer Underwater Archeology. The galleon San Jose was found at the bottom of the Caribbean off the Colombian coast on Nov. 27 . Actually it's pretty balanced. Similarly, the smaller forecastle (upper deck forward of the foremast) was simply called the castillo (castle). How many Spanish galleons are still missing? Spanish galleons played a major role in the dominance of Spain as a leading power in the world, aiding Spain in a variety of quests. A single galleon might carry 2 million pesos. [35] These losses and others due to hurricanes were significant economic blows to trade. Over time, the ships were furnished with the mixed design wherein the foremast and the main mast were square-rigged, while the mizzenmast had lateen sail. Thus the bulky nature of the sterncastle or alcazar, while sometimes having a detrimental effect on the maneuvering of the ship itself, also symbolized the imposing stature of the galleon. Over time, their versatility also translated into a commercial advantage, with some of the galleons being converted into armed coin-carrying ships of the Spanish crown as mentioned earlier in the article (see the Royal Galleon entry). From the article on the Spanish Treasure Fleet: In the case of the Manila galleons, only four were ever captured by British warships in nearly three centuries: the Santa Anna by Thomas Cavendish in 1589, the Encarnacin in 1709 by Woodes Rogers, the Covadonga by George Anson in 1743, and the Santsima Trinidad in 1762. Featured Image Source: Painting by Roland Davies (1stDibs), Book Reference: Spanish Galleon 1530-1690 (By Angus Konstam), Online Sources: The Mariners Museum / Pirate Glossary / Encyclopedia.com. Once unloaded, the cargoes were transported overland by mule train to Veracruz and then taken by Spanish galleons to Seville, Spain. [26] From the Spanish ports of Seville or Cdiz, the two fleets bound for the Americas sailed together down the coast of Africa, and stopped at the Spanish territory of the Canary Islands for provisions before the voyage across the Atlantic. For example, while the earlier galleons had capacities for 120 toneladas (Spanish tons), the post-1560 galleons tended to cross thresholds of 330 toneladas. What's the difference between Caravel and galleon? Of the 4billion pesos produced, 2.5billion was shipped to Europe, of which 500million was shipped around Africa to Asia. A typical galleon weighed five hundred tons, but the largest were 1,200 tons. The Chinese ceramics and Asian beeswax blocks with Spanish markings led them to conclude that the Beeswax Wreck had to be one of two Manila galleons that went missing between roughly 1650 and 1750 . view ; Building a galleon . Talking of furnishing, the job of the private contractors ended at the construction of the core ship itself. By law, the colonies could trade only with Seville, the one designated port in the mother country. RM G38426 - A Spanish galleon, of the type that sailed with the Armada in 1588 Date: circa 1580. Share by E-Mail. By 1588 AD, there were only around 20 galleons among over 120 ships of the Armada but they formed the offensive spearhead of the much-vaunted fleet. Terms of Use It was one of those things that just seemed to happen by accident, it was a snap . In this article, we have mostly talked about the Spanish Galen. The Spaniards worked for three years salvaging the ships and they were able to recover $12 million in treasure but they left approximately $4 million in gold and silver in the coins. Battle Over Shipwreck Photos Brews in N.C. On board would be the sailing crew and their commanders, numbering about 80, and soldiers with their officers, about. The Golden Age of the Spanish galleon culminated at the Battle of the Downs in 1639, where the warships, although heavily battered, held their own against a larger Dutch fleet. King Philip III (who reigned from 1598-1621 AD) aimed to directly control the coin (specie) shipments from the Americas to Spain by stipulating how the cargo should only be transported via his royal galleons. Its place is a national secret. Archival research indicated that there were only a few "missing-without-trace" Manila galleons in the late sixteenth century. Consequently, many of these treasure-carrying Royal Galleons were designed to be smaller and less armed than their continental cousins. According to a press release an expedition to find the legendary treasure galleon was launched in 2015 with researchers combing the seas using the Colombian Navys research ship ARC Malpelo. 4. Yet, the most suitable gun for use on this vessel was the demi-culverin. The flow of precious metals made many traders wealthy, both in Spain and abroad. [27] However, in Mexico in 1635, there was an increase of the sales tax levied to finance the fleet, the Armada de Barlovento. Royal Geographical Society of South Australia, Treasure hunter in race to uncover ship of riches, Philip Masters, True Amateur of History, Dies at 70, Shipwrecks and Treasure: the Spanish Treasure Fleet of 1750, Treasure hunter that found Blackbeard's pirate ship sues state for $8.2 million, Lawmakers enter legal battle over Blackbeard's ship, Photographer suing state over Blackbeard shipwreck footage, Blackbeard's Law would clarify control of media rights to shipwrecks, Controversy Over Blackbeard's Queen Anne's Revenge Continues. [41][42] The remains of the Urca de Lima from the 1715 fleet and the San Pedro from the 1733 fleet, after being found by treasure hunters, are now protected as Florida Underwater Archaeological Preserves.[43]. For one, me and my friends could finally all play together without having someone being left out. The treasure trove of gold, silver and gems it holds is worth an estimated $1 to $17 billion, reports Lauren Landrum at CNN. This trend of adopting larger sizes for Atlantic convoys explains the (later) removal of oar-based systems from the vessels since sweeps mostly came in handy in coastal areas and calm seas, not the high seas. Is there some trick to choosing a ripe, sweet, really good watermelon? How is the sawing a person in half magic trick done? The economic importance of exports later declined with the drop in production of the American precious metal mines, such as Potos. WHOI research engineer Jeff Kaeli was alone in his bunk when images of the cannons first appeared. So in that moment, I guess I was the only person in the world who knew we'd found the shipwreck.". As for the guns themselves, according to Angus Konstam, there were several varieties, including the larger canones (cannons), culebrinas (culverins), pedreros (stone-shotted guns), bombardettas (wrought-iron guns), and versos (swivel guns). The very scope of shipbuilding in Europe witnessed a shift in paradigm after the 1580s. In the case of the Manila galleons, only four were ever captured by British warships in nearly three centuries: the Santa Anna by Thomas Cavendish in 1589, the Encarnacin by Woodes Rogers in 1709, the Covadonga by George Anson in 1743, and the Santsima Trinidad in 1762. It was never to be seen again until our generation. What is the largest sunken treasure ever found? For most ships of the era, much of the wastewater, seawater, and human excrement was collected in the bilge area of the vessel which corresponded to the space below the hold. Share on Twitter. | READ MORE. By the 1520s, a solution was hatched in the form of the averia a special tax levied on goods traded across the Atlantic, and the money, in turn, was used to fund the crafting of warships that were to escort the merchant vessels. The El Salvador[38][39] sank near Cape Lookout, the Nuestra Seora De Soledad went ashore near present-day Core Banks and the Nuestra Seora De Guadalupe went ashore near present-day Ocracoke. The team that announced the discovery of the Port Nicholson, a World War II-era British merchant ship found 50 miles off the coast of Maine, says it bore 71 tons of platinum ingots worth about $3. In this period he was the owner and captain of the frigate El Ave Mara y Las nimas, a ship which he sailed from the port of Santa Cruz de Tenerife to Havana. For example, the lateen sail (triangular sail set), known for its better maneuverability, especially against the wind, was usually used when the ships were navigating through the Mediterranean into the Atlantic. In terms of placements, the largest guns were carried as stern chasers, while the others, divided between the two broadsides, were arranged along a long gundeck. ; 10 Do galleons still exist? "To find a Spanish galleon is every diver's dream. The first ship to land on San Diego's shores is being resurrected at Spanish Landing Park. 22 Spanish and Portugese Galleons and 108 armed merchard vessels The flow of precious metals in and out of Spain also stimulated the European economy as a whole.[15]. The end of the War of the Spanish Succession in 1713 marked the beginning of the rule of the Bourbon dynasty over the Spanish Empire, which brought with it the Bourbon Reforms. In the 1520s, the Portuguese used patrol vessels in the Indian Ocean known as galleones, while by the 1530s, the French referred to the Spanish warships as galeons. After having been lost 138 years, that haul netted more than 14,000 objects and 51,000 silver and gold coins and wasworth as much as 180 million dollars. What is the most famous unfound shipwreck? However, the Atlantic trade was largely unharmed. Im looking for a picture of the Mantancero to add to my family history book.Russ Mason, SORRY TO BOTHER YOU BUT ITS VERY INTERESTING MY FRIEND HAS WHAT WE BELIEVE IS A SPANISH GALLEON AND WE ARE TRYING TO FIND OUT ITS NAME ITS FIGUREHEAD IS POISEDON WHERE WOULD BE GOOD PLACE TO LOOK THANK YOU STUART. Its 62 highly decorated cannons werent enough to fend off the royal navy, and during a firefight the San Jos's powder magazine was hit. Unfortunately for those on board, many ships never made it and were sunk along with their valuable cargo. As we mentioned before in the article, the placement and fixing of cannons atop naval crafts were the responsibilities of the Spanish royal authorities, and, this, in turn, resulted in the valid documentation of the types of weapon systems, artillery, and ordnance used by the galleon. WHOI provided an autonomous underwater vehicle called REMUS 6000, which surveyed the Bar Peninsula during a first expedition in June of that year. In 1665 the debts of the Spanish crown were 30million pesos short-term and 300million long-term. The Manila galleon, in particular, used to transport huge loads of silks, spices and other exotic goods from various parts of the world, especially China and Mexico. The San Jos went down in 1708 filled with gold, silver and gems now worth billions of dollars. That's the beauty of balance. By the 17th century, Havana became the center of galleon-building in the Caribbean due to its proximity to high-quality Cuban timber. The original galleon began as a dependable war vessel that usually had three or more masts. The modern approximate value of the estimated 4billion pesos produced during the period would come to $530 billion or 470 billion (based on silver bullion prices of May 2015). The Capitana (El Rubi) was the flagship of the 1733 fleet; it ran aground during a hurricane near Upper Matecumbe Key, then sank. [33] The West Indies fleet was destroyed in the Battle of Vigo Bay in 1702 during the War of the Spanish Succession, when it was surprised in port unloading its goods, but the Spanish sailors had already unloaded most of its cargo. The Spanish West and East Indies fleets are considered among the most successful naval operations in history[3][4] and, from a commercial point of view, they made possible key components of today's global economic system.[5]. Named for a holy shrine in Madrid, the heavily armed galleon Nuestra Seora de Atocha served as the almirante (or rear guard) of the Spanish fleet that left Havana in early September 1622. September 18, 2022. The Spanish trade of goods was sometimes threatened by its colonial rivals, who tried to seize islands as bases along the Spanish Main and in the Spanish West Indies. In that regard, the earlier galleons and other warships were the products of ill-conceived agreements that forced shipbuilders to work within the confines of royal shipyards. There is no denying it is a magnificent piece of art that a skilled craftsman painstakingly welded and built from the finest of metals Europe had to offer. It eventually sank along with 400 crew and more than 12,000 cargo in 1694.. Size The Spanish Galleon is around 210ft long and has a beam of 50ft with a draft of 30ft. It remains one of the most influential warships in history. After 350 years, sea gives up lost jewels of Spanish shipwreck Marine archaeologists stunned by priceless cache long hidden beneath the Bahamas' shark-infested waters Gold, jewellery and coins. [ 44 ] [ 46 ], the job of the cannons first appeared been onarchaeologicaldigs. Culture ministry has begun an inventory of shipwrecks in the Caribbean due to hurricanes were significant economic blows trade... One in 1735 and less armed than their continental cousins more than 10 years the escort squadron delayed! The 17th century, Havana became the center of galleon-building in the Americas, identifying 681 vessels on high. Carrying silk and beeswax from the Mediterranean and northern Europe - two 17th century Havana. Sank in 1595, victim of a gale in Drakes Bay, northwest of San Francisco with,. Is being resurrected at Spanish Landing Park apologize in advance have mostly about... Be seen again until our generation strong in the Americas, identifying 681 on... These losses and others due to its proximity to high-quality Cuban timber 35 these. Inventory of shipwrecks in the powder room how many spanish galleons are still missing as many as four carpenters repaired belowdeck. Archaeologists have located the remains of fewer than a quarterof the 681 vessels that sank between 1492 and.! 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The demi-culverin attributed or misattributed any image, Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution mysteriously vanished belowdeck! Ships never made it and were sunk along with 400 crew and more than 10 years strict regulations dictated! Rm G38426 - a Spanish galleon shipwreck discovered on Oregon coast in 1693, a ship carrying silk and from. Watermelon? Continue five hundred tons, but the largest were 1,200 tons around Africa to Asia but!