extended it too far. the United States would meet Soviet provocations not necessarily where they Kennan's containment policy purposed to disintegrate the communist bloc and reform the Soviet nature towards international relations. As promised, Eisenhower went to Korea after he was elected but before he was inaugurated. American fears reached new heights when Arbenz bought weapons from Communist Czechoslovakia after the administration cut off Guatemala's access to U.S. military supplies. Secretary with the concepts of massive [17] The emphasis was still primarily on nuclear weapons and the justification was still that of economy, but a shift toward what would later be called "flexible response" had begun. He was also concerned about promoting equality for all Americans. The British retaliated with economic pressure that created havoc with Iran's finances, but Prime Minister Mohammed Mossadegh refused to yield. The "Spirit of Geneva" eased tensions between the Soviets and the United States, even though the conference failed to produce agreements on arms control or other major international issues. After hearing the recommendations of the out-going Truman Administration, which supported the USSRs opponents in Europe, Eisenhower favoured Trumans Containment policies which, according to Barlow (1972:10), placed and emphasis on enlarging the numbers of the armed forces, putting more effort into conventional forces located in Europe, launching a Far Eastern Defensive Perimeter and security system, increasing assistance to Formosas Chinese nationalists and French forces in Indochina and extending more aid to countries surrounding the USSR and CPR. His military experience also caused him to be extremely involved in foreign affairs. The United States built up a stockpile of nuclear weapons and nuclear delivery systems to deter military threats and save money while cutting back on expensive Army combat units. President Eisenhower often dominated the discussions, but Dulles The bombardment finally stopped in April 1954, although it is by no means certain that Eisenhower's nuclear warnings accounted for the PRC decision to end the crisis. The summit collapsed, however, in acrimony and bitterness in a dispute over the U-2 incident. He was also concerned about promoting equality for all Americans. Stalin's successors began calling for negotiations to settle East-West differences and to rein in the arms race. It also created a federal Civil Rights Commission, which has the power to investigate and recommend remedies in situations of discrimination. This period was marked by signicant changes in U .S. She retired Encyclopaedia Britannica's editors oversee subject areas in which they have extensive knowledge, whether from years of experience gained by working on that content or via study for an advanced degree. Another key tenet of massive retaliation was the imprecise timing and location of US nuclear ambitions; this was deliberate on the part of Eisenhower because one of the major objectives of massive retaliation was to undermine whatever assumptions the Soviet leaders might have had about symmetry between their own aggressive acts and the subsequent American responses (Njolstad: 1994:18). Yet the French were unable to defeat the Vietminh, a nationalist force under the leadership of the Communist Ho Chi Minh. Registered office: Creative Tower, Fujairah, PO Box 4422, UAE. . It was based on an extensive reappraisal of U.S. military requirements that began among Eisenhower and his closest advisers immediately following his election in November 1952. remained his most influential foreign policy adviser. retaliation, Central Treaty Congressional leaders, however, would not provide their support unless any U.S. military action was part of a multilateral effort. This shift -which would later become known as massive retaliation -was announced by Eisenhowers Secretary of State, John Foster Dulles, and stated that if the any future mles with communist countries should occur, the U.S. would decide to depend primarily upon a great capacity to retaliate, instantly, by means and at places of our own choosing (Njolstad, 1994:16). Second, the soil bank sought, which was to maintain farm income and conserve soil. Eisenhower, in response to this arsenal, stated that, security through arms is only a meansto an end. The new President, Carlos Castillo Armas, reversed land reform and clamped down on the Communists, and he also restricted voting rights and curtailed civil liberties before an assassin murdered him in 1957. In his campaign, he was sure to stress that after the costs attributed to World War II, the Soviet threat to the U.S would negatively affect the U.S. in two major ways: economically and militarily (Barlow, 1972:11). Harry S. Truman on March 12, 1947, declaring immediate economic and military aid to the governments of Greece, threatened by Communist insurrection, and Turkey, under pressure from Soviet expansion in the Mediterranean area. [2], The New Look Policy also embodied an increasing reliance on the use of covert operations and espionage. Chinese Nationalists offshore islands. In its narrowest sense, the New Look was the name applied to the Department of Defense budget for Fiscal Year 1955, which was the first defense budget prepared entirely by Eisenhower's own Joint Chiefs of Staff. They write new content and verify and edit content received from contributors. The New Look sought to formulate a more selective and flexible response to Communist challenges. During his first year in office, Eisenhower authorized the CIA to deal with a problem in Iran that had begun during Truman's presidency. Just weeks after Eisenhower became President, Stalin's death brought what appeared to be significant changes in Soviet international policy. As Supreme Allied Commander in Europe during the war, President Eisenhower had a well-earned reputation for staff work and organization. . The policy focused on the use of nuclear weapons and was intended as a way for the United States to meet its Cold War military obligations without putting too much strain on the country's economy. Designed to help improve homeland security . LGBTQ Local Legal Protections. The characteristics of the New Look were, first, the federal highway act. It also stated that the nature, location, and timing of such a response would be chosen by the United States. "Balanchine!" ran February 22-26, 2023 at the Kennedy Center's Eisenhower Auditorium, 2700 F Street NW, Washington, DC 20566. By using it, you accept our. Green Light Teams, U.S. commandos trained in secret exercises in which they carried actual nuclear weapons, were set up. The policy emphasised reliance on strategic nuclear weapons as well as a reorganisation of conventional . $18.50. But Eisenhower hardly made good use of this advantage, as he announced a new program, known as the Eisenhower Doctrine, to provide economic and military aid to Middle Eastern nations facing Communist aggression. Don't miss TWB's next and final performance of the 22-23 season, a full length version of "The Sleeping Beauty," also at the Kennedy Center's Eisenhower Auditorium, May 4-7, 2023. Khrushchev rejected Eisenhower's proposal for an "Open Skies" program that would have allowed both sides to use aerial air surveillance to gather information about each other's military capabilities. Yet Eisenhower knew that real security meant preserving fundamental values. To what extent was Eisenhower's "New Look" foreign policy a departure from the foreign policy of Truman? In 1954-1955, U.S. aid and support helped Ngo Dinh Diem establish a non-Communist government in what became South Vietnam. A year later, the CIA helped overthrow the elected government of Guatemala. After Harry Truman declined to run again for the presidency, the election of 1952 emerged as a contest between the Democratic nominee, Illinois governor . During this time in history, it was no secret that America had, not only a stockpile of nuclear weapons, but a growing arsenal. Of particular concern for Eisenhower was the cost associated with waging the Cold War. This lecture is meant to supplement Chapter 37 in the American Pageant. The British, French, and Israelis decided to take military action. He told his fellow citizens to be wary of the "military-industrial complex," which he described as the powerful combination of "an immense military establishment and a large arms industry." Study with Quizlet and memorize flashcards containing terms like Which statement is most reflective of Eisenhower's New Look foreign policy? Some like Peter Lyon look to the covert motives and effects of this policy, as it subtly distracted the public from the dangers of an ongoing atomic buildup and crafted an image of the United States as a benevolent partner interested in democratizing access to this new technology: "as an exercise in psychological warfare, it was an unmixed . In order to grasp the motivations, timings and reasons behind Eisenhowers New Look defence policy -which had a focus on upholding U.S military commitments at lesser costs -one must realize that after the successful utilization of nuclear weapons in the World War II in Hiroshima, Japan on the 6th of August, 1945, and the subsequent atomic bomb in Nagasaki on the 9th of August, 1945, traditional forms of battle -which involved a heavy and almost singular reliance on troops on the ground -was made obsolete (Barlow, 1972:2). 12045 Eisenhower Dr, Pt Charlotte, FL 33953 is a 3 bedroom, 2 bathroom, 1,974 sqft single-family home built in 2023. the world tirelessly to ensure its success. a.) Peace, in a very real sense is an end in itself (Soapes, 1980:58). See new Tweets. c.) It was critical of "mutual assured destruction" as a defensive strategy. He authorized covert interventions into the internal affairs of other nations and provided aid to dictators in the interest of protecting "the free world." For months, an internal political struggle had made Lebanon unstable. Administration officials had advocated the liberation of Soviet satellites, and propaganda agencies such as Radio Free Europe and the Voice of America had encouraged Eastern Europeans to resist. 8. This reason was also one of the things that ended the Korean War because he did not like the communists, so he sent troops to Korea to prevent the spread of the Communist Chinese army there. bloc; he had little time for neutralism or non-alignment. you can use them for inspiration and simplify your student life. 18879 Eisenhower St, Salinas, CA 93906 is a 6 bedroom, 4 bathroom, 4,192 sqft multi-family built in 1977. With the Korean situation under control, Eisenhower set out to redefine the methods the United States used to contain communism. Hopes rose after Khrushchev visited the United States in September 1959 and met with Eisenhower at the presidential retreat in the Maryland mountains. More defense for less money was possible, he said. (SEATO); and bilateral defense or security treaties with Japan, This was the most important aspect of Eisenhowers plan to preserve the economy because relying on nuclear weapons is less expensive than paying for a regular army. U.S. and PRC negotiators met in intermittent negotiations, but a second Taiwan Strait crisis occurred in 1958. In summary, everything I've said so far indicates Eisenhower's interest in economic expansion, as proven by the fact that, as I've already stated, his era was prosperous. The United States ratified a series of bilateral and The intense rivalries in the Middle East brought Eisenhower into a confrontation with his most important allies, Britain and France. Cooling, B. and Watson, R. (1989). She spent most of the next 42 years working as a copy editor and editor at Encyclopaedia Britannica. Although strategic air power attained a lower level than the Truman administration had projected, it became the centerpiece of U.S. security thinking, embodied in the doctrine of "Massive Retaliation." - Department History, Secretary of State Dulles with President Eisenhower, Republic of Eisenhower considered the possibility of military action; indeed, he seemed prepared to authorize it under the right circumstances. . Among these arrangements Recent scholarship has shown that Arbenz was a Marxist, although he revealed his political convictions only to a few confidants. a strong stand in favor of the Chinese Nationalists when the PRC bombarded From simple essay plans, through to full dissertations, you can guarantee we have a service perfectly matched to your needs. Eisenhower hoped to salvage a partial victory by preventing Ho Chi Minh from establishing a Communist government over all of Vietnam. Director Allen Dulles, John Foster United States General, Maxwell Taylor, debated even if a conflict should arise, the . In 1958, the United States again . Despite his embarrassment, Eisenhower took responsibility for the failed U-2 mission and asserted that the flights were necessary to protect national security. Organization (CENTO); the Southeast Asia Treaty Organization An obvious weakness that one might gather from Eisenhowers administrations heavy reliance on nuclear weapons on the divergence from conventional forces. Because both the USSR and the US were polarized as figureheads in the conflict between communist and capitalism, the war in Korea was, in many ways, a proxy war. [4] In this respect, it differed from NSC 68, approved by President Harry S. Truman on September 30, 1950. In order to properly gauge the successes and failures of the New Look defence policy, the effectiveness and the environment which prompted its implementation must be discussed. The MLS # for this home is MLS# ML81920009. John Foster Dulles and the "New Look Policy" Brinkmanship & M.A.D. This essay will scrutinize the goals and achievements of Eisenhowers New Look policy and how efficacious it was in design, intent and execution. In the 1950s, with only five percent of the world's population the U.S. economy produced almost half of the world's manufactured products. Safety: A Hard Look at U.S. Military Policy and Strategy (New York, 1961), 88-89. Eisenhower, however, decided not to take action to aid the Hungarian freedom fighters since any intervention carried the risk of starting a U.S.-Soviet war that could lead to a nuclear exchange. The third reason was to create many new allies. Korea remained divided along the 38th parallel, roughly the same boundary as when the war began in 1950. retaliation and brinksmanship, a supposedly reckless Nuclear weapons timeline | ICAN. In foreign affairs, Eisenhower's New Look policy simultaneously expanded the nation's nuclear arsenal and prevented the expansion of the defense budget for conventional forces. Eisenhower Ike 40% Silver Dollar Uncirculated Mint Set 1971-1974 Back Date. The policy emphasized reliance on strategic nuclear weapons to deter potential threats, both conventional . by BOOK, BOOK (ISBN: ) from Amazon's Book Store. In foreign affairs, Eisenhower's New Look policy simultaneously expanded the nation's nuclear arsenal and prevented the expansion of the defense budget for conventional forces. his Administration. The reasons for the New Look were, first, to maintain the US economy's health while still creating enough strength to fight the Cold War; relying on nuclear weapons to deter Communist aggression. Department, Buildings of the The policy emphasised reliance on strategic nuclear weapons as well as a reorganisation of conventional . [online] Icanw.org. Cefalu, a resourceful 6-foot-2 senior guard, scored nine of his 12 total points in the second half, including what became a winning 3-point basket with 1 minute, 14 seconds remaining as the . One of his main issues was that of reducing expeditures of the federal government. Available at: http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-europe-17858981 [Accessed 20 Feb. 2017]. 1. Aaron Kheriaty, MD. the Secretary of State, Travels of The three nations did not consultor even informEisenhower before the Israelis launched the first attacks into the Sinai Peninsula on October 29, 1956. Get started for FREE Continue. of the Department, Foreign Policy under President Eisenhower, John Foster Broad experience in . $18.50. Expenditure on arms was to be capped at 20%, loans were no . Secretary Dulles [2] It was formalized in National Security Council document 162/2 (NSC 162/2), which Eisenhower approved on October 30, 1953. Instead, he continued to support Jiang Jieshis (Chiang Kai-shek's) Nationalist Chinese government in Taiwan. Thus, these essays are of lower quality than ones written by experts. Secretary of state under Eisenhower (and brother of Allen Dulles) who helped devise Eisenhower's New Look foreign policy. China, Current Another subcommittee, the Eisenhower was not prepared to risk American security or credibility in an area where the United States had long been the dominant power. b.) and avoided a larger conflict. In addition, the New Look policy focused on strengthening ties to U.S. allies and courting nonaligned countries. 38 sold. United States General, Maxwell Taylor, debated even if a conflict should arise, the . An obvious weakness that one might gather from Eisenhower's administration's heavy reliance on nuclear weapons on the divergence from conventional forces. What they got instead, soon after John F. Kennedy became President, was the disastrous Bay of Pigs invasion in April 1961. Biotech executive with ~20 years of cross-functional experience in Healthcare and Biopharma industries across capital markets and corporate finance, IR & External Coms, Pricing & Market Access, Strategic Planning and Licensing & M&A.<br><br>Dealsheet with M&A, IPOs, PIPEs, and FO offerings in the U.S. and Europe (NASDAQ, DAX, SIX, LSE) raising >$8bn in Equity financings. APUSH, U.S. History, American History, Period 8 (1945-1980), "New Look" Policy, Cold War, John Foster Dulles, Interstate Highway System, Brinkmanship, Nikita Khrushchev, Sputnik, Space Race, U2-Spy Plane . Furthermore, by the time Eisenhower began his first term as President in 1953, Soviet Union and The United Kingdom had already been exploring their nuclear capabilities, however, despite the United Nations call for an abolition of atomic weapons in January of 1946, the USSR tested its first atomic bomb on the 29th of 1946, while the United Kingdom tested nuclear weapons on the 3rd on October, 1945 (Icanw.org, 2017). Icanw.org, (2017). But something stopped me in that policy, specifically, Eisenhower's reliance on nuclear weapons for military power without thinking about their potential consequences. Dr Dockrill's incisive revisionist analysis of the . In contrast, Njolstad (1994:16-17) argues that even if the words massive retaliation were not uttered by Dulles, the message within Dulles speech on the 12th of January, 1954, the speech was unambiguous; the United States, it seemed, would respond to any future aggression or attacks it overseas bases, itself or its allies within the Cold War with a swift nuclear attack on Chinese and Soviet cities, military installation/bases and industrial plants. Cam Harless "All of them are in a single thread," Harless said. retaliation was far more cautiously based on mutual atomic deterrence. A year later, the President authorized the Central Intelligence Agency to begin top-secret intelligence flights over the Soviet Union by using the brand-new high altitude U-2 reconnaissance planes. In the aftermath of the Soviet invasion of Hungary, the administration toned down its rhetoric about liberation and instead emphasized hopes for gradualand peacefulprogress toward freedom. [13] Critics of Massive Retaliation such as historian John Lewis Gaddis have pointed out that the doctrine was not credible in the face of "less-than-total challenges" such as the Soviet intervention in the 1956 Hungarian Revolution, and that whatever credibility it might have had diminished steadily as Soviet strategic power grew. Dulles also believed that some issues, such as covert operations, It demonstrates how he was one of America's most powerful rulers, and the biggest clue was the New Look. . We've received widespread press coverage since 2003, Your UKEssays purchase is secure and we're rated 4.4/5 on reviews.co.uk. were the Central Treaty An obvious weakness that one might gather from Eisenhower's administration's heavy reliance on nuclear weapons on the divergence from conventional forces. had a well-earned reputation for staff work and organization. The "new look": a policy of the United States of America. The New Look strategy decreased . Dwight D. Eisenhower brought a "New Look" to U.S. national security policy in 1953. Information, United States Department of Dulles had claimed, and the Eisenhower Administration policy of massive Secondly, nuclear weapons, if used in the Korean conflict, could geologically devastate the very country they wished to free from the clutches of communism or capitalism, and because both forms of governments needed the land to be viable for agriculture, a nuclear weapon could end up destabilising the countrys land in a way that persisted for many decades. The President insisted on deeds that matched words, and in 1955, the Soviets changed their position and ended a prolonged deadlock in negotiations over a peace treaty with Austria. to the President in the form of NSC actions. Want a closer look? samples are real essays written by real students who kindly donate their papers to us so that Refer to eBay Return policy opens in a new tab or window for more details. The new approach was embodied in NSC5440 (approved as NSC5501 on January 7, 1955),[18] finalized in December 1954, which stated: The ability to apply force selectively and flexibly will become increasingly important in maintaining the morale and will of the free world to resist aggression. Free shipping. The troops stayed only three months and suffered only one fatality. [6], The Special Atomic Demolition Munition (SADM) program, relying on small, portable nuclear weapons, also was consistent with the New Look policy. Both the British and French disliked Nasser's inflammatory, anticolonial rhetoric. Improved US nuclear weapons and defense system by building more weapons (Dwight D. Eiesenhower: Domestic Affairs). Both sides made concessions on the question of the repatriation of prisoners of war, and the armistice went into effect in July 1953. The New Look was the name given to the national security policy of the United States during the administration of President Dwight D. Eisenhower.It reflected Eisenhower's concern for balancing the Cold War military commitments of the United States with the nation's financial resources. You can order a custom paper by our expert writers. Summarized in the popular slogan "more bang for the buck," Massive Retaliation was intended to be both a deterrent to an enemy and an economy of scale if deterrence failed.[10]. The effectiveness of Eisenhower's New Look policy is a topic solicits strong opinions from academics. He spent half or more of the federal budget on the armed services, even as he proclaimed that "every gun that is made, every warship launched, every rocket fired" was "a theft from those who hunger and are not fed, those who are cold and not clothed." Squad Members Knew It Was Suicide", New Look or Containment? He thought the attacks would only strengthen Nasser, allowing the Egyptian leader to become the champion of the Arab world as he opposed the aggressors. In a 1952 article for. Eisenhower then agreed to a summit of Soviet and Western leaders in Geneva, Switzerland, in July 1955, the first such meeting since the Potsdam Conference in 1945. d.) Diplomacy and economic aid to . China, and the Philippines. Diplomatic Couriers, Guide to Country Recognition and We welcome your input on the project description, design, and schedule. He was known for his military strength and experience, and this was something that gained him much popularity. Eisenhower worried about Mossadegh's willingness to cooperate with Iranian Communists; he also feared that Mossadegh would eventually undermine the power of Shah Mohammed Reza Pahlavi, a staunch anti-Communist partner. Mao Zedong often questioned the credibility of U.S. threats and insisted that the Chinese could withstand any losses that came from a nuclear attack. [11] Dulles continued: The way to deter aggression is for the free community to be willing and able to respond vigorously at places and with means of its own choosing. Available at: http://www.icanw.org/the-facts/the-nuclear-age/ [Accessed 20 Feb. 2017]. massive retaliatory power. In a 1956 Life magazine Corrections? Guatemala was the base for another covert action that the Eisenhower administration planned but did not carry out before leaving office. In GDP (gross domestic product) grew by an astonishing 150% in the period from 1945 to 1960. occurred but where the United States chose, based on its deterrent of full Council, with Eisenhower almost always in attendance, debated the The United States foreign policy of the Dwight D. Eisenhower administration, from 1953 to 1961, focused on the Cold War with the Soviet Union and its satellites. Organization (CENTO), Southeast Asia Treaty Organization A crisis occurred in early 1954, when Vietminh forces surrounded a French garrison at the remote location of Dienbienphu. The trip provided him with no clear solution for ending the war. 1976 S 40% SILVER GEM UNCIRCULATED EISENHOWER DOLLAR STILL IN MINT CELLO LOOK. After Harry Truman declined to run again for the presidency, the election of 1952 emerged as a contest between the Democratic nominee, Illinois . Dwight D. Eisenhower brought a "New Look" to U.S. national security policy in 1953. Another reason as to why tensions with the USSR and communist China was an issue of much unease was communism. The Clubhouse is planned to include event space, grill room, a Pro Shop and cart storage. economy. Its authors (a) renounced massive retaliation, (b) precisely articulated the strategy of "flexible response" as it would become known seven years later, and (c) predicted, in the last sentence, exactly the dilemma which the Eisenhower administration would face in Berlin four years hence. New Look, U.S. military strategy developed by the administration of Pres. May 1, 1960 The Policies The "New Look" The Truman policy Unpack provide political, military and economic assistance to all democratic nations under threat from external or. D) Had once been considered unacceptable. Huntington uses the term "New New Look." 1947, in which he proclaimed a new policy and role for the United States in global affairs. Worried that the Cold War might cripple the nation's economy or drive the U.S. into bankruptcy, Eisenhower . [9], In order to contain defense costs, the New Look brought about a shift in emphasis from conventional military capability to "air-atomic" capability in the form of the Strategic Air Command within a scaled-down overall military establishment. Defense was a means to an end, and the American people had to be careful that they did not allow special interests to absorb an ever-increasing share of national wealth or to "endanger our liberties or democratic processes.". Dwight D. Eisenhower and articulated in a 1953 National Security Council paper. Based on faulty intelligence, the military action, which was carried out by Cuban exiles without crucial air support was a fiasco. also had a tendency to speak dramatically. All of this was part of a single policy known as "The New Deal." The Illinois . 2. The New Look, 1953-1960 Professor Branislav L. Slantchev January 1, 2014 Overview We study the Eisenhower presidencies from the end of the Korean War until 1960. multilateral treaties designed to encircle the Soviet Union and its allies, Here you can choose which regional hub you wish to view, providing you with the most relevant information we have for your specific region. Discussion papers were prepared by the NSCs own The policy, which relied heavily on the capacity for strategic bombing, depended on the asymmetrical threat to respond to provocations by the Soviet Union with massive retaliation. United States General, Maxwell Taylor, debated even if a conflict should arise, the . Eisenhower's New Look Plan. But Eisenhower authorized those actions, even as he maintained plausible deniability, that is, carefully concealing all evidence of U.S. involvement so that he could deny any responsibility for what had happened. Eisenhower attempted to deal with the aftermath of the Cold War by trying to balance the Cold War's pressures and expectations with the country's limited resources. BBC, (2013). to the international community.4 Clearly all of this is not Eisenhower's respon sibility. In the last analysis, if confronted by the choice of (a) acquiescing in Communist aggression or (b) taking measures risking either general war or loss of allied support, the United States must be prepared to take these risks if necessary for its security. Disclaimer: This is an example of a student written essay.Click here for sample essays written by our professional writers. , Eisenhower took responsibility for the failed U-2 mission and asserted that the flights were necessary to national... In 1958 insisted that the Eisenhower administration planned but did not carry out before leaving office on arms to! 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S economy or drive the U.S. into bankruptcy, Eisenhower helped overthrow the elected of! ), 88-89 one fatality in design, and timing of such response. ; as a copy editor and editor at Encyclopaedia Britannica U.S a dispute the... A Pro Shop and cart storage for this home is MLS # ML81920009, he... Arsenal, stated that, security through arms is only a meansto an end: http: //www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-europe-17858981 [ 20. New content and verify and edit content received from contributors out before leaving office Eisenhower became President stalin. Leadership of the New Look '' to U.S. allies and courting nonaligned countries salvage a partial victory by Ho... Became President, stalin 's death brought what appeared to be extremely involved in foreign affairs to national. Anticolonial rhetoric a year later, the much popularity Commission, which was carried out by exiles... Much popularity which they carried actual nuclear weapons as well as a reorganisation of.. 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