The researchers pursued various strategies to assure the quality of the qualitative data. This volunteer participatory observation helped him to access research participants and health extension workers working in health institutions. The study participants also associate illness with unfavourable conditions of the environment (e.g., poor sanitation), infection, poverty and lack of food, as well as biological (e.g., aging, genetics) and psychological causes such as stress and worry. In addition to supernatural and natural elements, the data presented here suggest that social causes of illnesses need to be added to fully explain the perceptions of the study participants. This site needs JavaScript to work properly. The absence of peace and happiness that comes from families fighting, and from them being not supportive of one another were all aspects that were viewed by the women participants as being key contributors to illnesses. Article Theories of Africans is one of the most important contributions to francophone African literary studies in the past few years. This study was carried out in ado-odo/ota lga, with a sample size of 203. Epub 2022 Jan 7. Health education and care solutions found to be effective in one system may not work as well in other settings [32]; however, some of the lessons learned from this study may be applicable to other cultural contexts with similar beliefs. Each transcript was coded line by line and these codes were organized into higher-order conceptual themes. Geneva: Jossy-Bass World Wide Review; 2007. Unauthorized use of these marks is strictly prohibited. Anyone you share the following link with will be able to read this content: Sorry, a shareable link is not currently available for this article. Federal government websites often end in .gov or .mil. A. Approval of the study was obtained from the Ethical Review Committee of Addis Ababa University, College of Health Sciences (#037/13/PSP). They described how lack of enough nutritious food makes people susceptible to infections and diseases. Keywords. Germ theory was the third disease causation theory with a characteristic marking of the onset of infectious diseases conquest. Disobeying elders causes ailment. Ultimately, these diseasesdisproportionately affect people living in poor or marginalised communities. Then we stay healthy [Female, Study Community # 4]. Antonitto A. %%EOF Germs cause disease. In 1877, Robert Koch (1843-1910) showed that anthrax was caused by a bacteria. Meadows LM, Morse JM. Unusual causes of emergence of antimicrobial drug resistance, Effect of the Gayatri Mantra Playing on Microbial Load in Room Air. The beliefs about supernatural and natural causes found in this study are very similar to those described by Murdock (1980); however, social causes are not articulated in his model. After teaching microbiology for more than four years, he joined the Central Department of Microbiology, Tribhuvan University, to pursue his Ph.D. in collaboration with Helmholtz-Institute for Pharmaceutical Research Saarland (HIPS), Saarbrucken, Germany. This finding, especially the link between lying and ill health may be relatively unique to this cultural setting. 1983;17(16):120511. Why Covid lab-leak theory is so disputed. It would seem that any apprehensiveness is likely to have been eased, by the generally friendly and mutually respectful rapport most people have with their respective health extension workers. 93 0 obj <>stream [Female, Study Community # 2]. As part of this endeavor, we will describe in this paper seven common Filipino cultural beliefs: namamana, lihi, sumpa, gaba, pasma, namaligno, and kaloob ng Diyos. Data obtained from our study indicated that the role of social prohibitions and the consequences of their violation were a key factor causing health problems in Tehuledere. Several theories were advanced from time to time to explain disease causation such as the supernatural theory of disease, the theory of humors by Greeks and Indians, the theory of contagion, the miasmatic theory which attributed disease to noxious air and vapours, the theory of spontaneous generation, etc. Similar to other cultural groups in developing countries around the world [11], many of the Tehuledere people attribute illness to the wrath of supernatural forces. Pasteur, Henle, Koch were the strong proponents of microbial theory after they discovered the micro-organisms in the patients secretions or excretions. Violation of time ban taboos were also said to contribute to illness: Leaving, travelling in the wrong time will cause disease from attack by the devil (lekeft). California Privacy Statement, It was the golden age of bacteriology. Waddel A, Petersen AR. This theory indicates that although modern medicine and laboratory science have significantly impacted the decline of mortality, the process of disease causation is far more complex than the. BEINGS Model of disease causation includes Spiritual factors , Social factors & Nutritional factors. This level of familiarity would have increased the comfort participants felt sharing with the researchers. More than half (n=53) reported that they were illiterate, i.e., didnt read and write Amharic. When we drink it, we contract worms, they twirl in the stomach and give our kids tik, tik [Stomach- ache, salivate and followed by vomiting,] [Male, Study Community # 5]. NCI CPTC Antibody Characterization Program. Cite this article. The provision of culturally competent health care is an important professional issue recognized by the pioneer genetic counselors in the Philippines. Health, religion, and meaning: a culture-centered study of Druze women. Over one-third of the population in developing countries lacks access to biomedical health care services, often relying on traditional medicine and/or self-care [1]. Google Scholar. Because if he lies and then touches the Rekebot, he will have skin disease; his child or cattle will die [Male, Study Community # 2]. The finding that God/Allah is held responsible, at least indirectly, for causing most illness is a very common finding among third world countries, especially those in Africa [2]. Many become sick from the filth on the sharp equipment [Male, Study Community # 4]. The sample was diverse in terms of age and sex and agro-ecological condition of the setting. For example, if a man cheats on his wife, this could cause illnesses: A person will be healthy when he settles at home, and is not cheating on his wife. Article He was able to use existing networks and contacts within the indigenous institutions, including traditional leaders and local health officials, thereby gaining access to a very wide cross-section of people. Mystical causes are often attributed to experiences or behaviors such as ancestral retribution for unfinished tasks or obligations. As predominantly rural Woreda, most inhabitants rely on farming. Thegerm theory of diseaseis the currently acceptedscientific theoryfor manydiseases. The common types of diseases in Nigeria are; Malaria Malaria is a risk for 97% of Nigeria's population. In 2014, communicable diseases including malaria, lung infections, diarrheal, intestinal parasites, eye infections, skin disease, and rheumatism were the major public health problems in the area [15]. Following introductory discussions with community leaders/representatives, ten focus group discussion sessions (one all male and one all-female in each kebele) were conducted. Our study highlighted the importance of the social element in perceptions of illness causation in this study community. In our tradition people believe in qolle spirits (the spirit of individuals) is a guardian from illness and cause of illness. Oman Med J. Witchcraft beliefs in diseases causation and health-seeking behaviour in pregnancy of women in Calabar South-Nigeria . It involves praising and glorifying the sky-god and seeking his spiritual assistance to ward off evil. The majority of participants had community health insurance (n=76), which was being implemented in the community the year in which data collection occurred. What are Demonic and divine Theory and Ecological theory of disease? Chronic Malnutrition begins before birth due to poor maternal health, it can also be as a result of poor breast feeding, infections and lack of availability of proper nutrients in a developing child. Ogbogu PU, Noroski LM, Arcoleo K, Reese BD Jr, Apter AJ. At home, we spread grass on the floor, we chew Khat in the name of Abduye, Kedir or Nura Hussien [the gods for Wednesday, Saturday and Tuesday respectively] to get the Melayka (angel) into our homes, to get the Wukabe[nature-spirit] close to us, to be heard by the gods. Bull World Health Organ. Yehya NA, Dutta MJ. Nurse Educ Today. The third theory is the sociobiology theory; the focus of biologist E.O. The health extension workers also helped to select 96 participants for 10 focus group discussions and 20 individuals (two from each focus groups) were selected purposively for follow-up individual interviews based on their demonstrated knowledge and ability to describe their experiences in the focus groups. A second well respected ritual spirit, articulated in all five female focus groups as a spirit for health, is Chelle. Chelle is regarded as a goddess of fecundity, whose power is associated with fertility of women, maintenance of a healthy family, and acquisition of a good harvest. Box 1176, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia, Leslie Dan Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Toronto, 144 College Street, Toronto, ON, M5S 3M2, Canada, You can also search for this author in It is a commonly held view, both from the Nigerian literature and from anecdotal evidence, that life is . A disorder of structure or function in a human, animal, or plant, especially one that produces specific signs and symptoms or that affects a specific location and is not simply a direct result of physical injury is called a disease. This study highlights the importance of respecting beliefs related to the supernatural causes of illness and acknowledging relevant rituals where possible into biomedical health care settings. Dr. Bhoj R singh, Principal Scientist (VM) 2022 Dec;9(6):2560-2567. doi: 10.1007/s40615-021-01190-6. Coronado G, Chio-Lauri J, Cruz RD, Roman YM. Study participants explained that they believe that if a person violates the required norms, his/her health will be in danger: If a person makes an oath in front of the Abegar with his hands on the Rekebot /an indigenous spot made of mud soil in which isen is served or place of truth/,and then tell lies, he will face problems. Development over the centuries of Human Civilization concepts of disease causation remained transforming and still not reached the perfection. Spirit Mediumship and society in Africa. 2011; 26 (4):275-278. doi: 10.5001 . In total 20 individuals, with age range of 3775 years old, participated in in-depth interviews including 11 men and 9 women. Soc Sci Med. A belief of disease causation where it is thought illness is caused by misbehavior or intervention of a supernatural being. Issues identified with administration and bureaucratic frameworks dont fit well with indigenous ill-health beliefs. Bryman A. Until now, the literature about the theoretical underpinnings of illness causation research has been scarce and fragmented, and lacking a convenient summary. Google Scholar. Consequently for many indigenous people, attempts to restore wellbeing through the utilization of biomedicine must include customary affirmation of the nature-spirit intercession as a feature of the recuperation process. Semi-structured key informants interviews with 20 interviewees chosen from among the focus group participants were also conducted following the focus groups with a view to obtain more detailed understanding of the perceptions of ill-health causation.. Many respondents identified lying as a cause of ill-health. Looks like youve clipped this slide to already. This dichotomy was a key sensitizing concept that guided the design of this study. Now customize the name of a clipboard to store your clips. Epub 2022 Apr 6. Beattie J, Middleton J, editors. Poverty in general was identified as leading to poor health: If a person has a low income, then he would be weak. Google Scholar. Functionalists also study culture in terms of values. The emphasis on culture in our genetic counseling training recognizes its crucial role in molding an individual's conceptualization of health, as well as other life aspects, especially since the Filipino culture is a mixture of indigenous as well as imported and borrowed elements. The wadaja prayers we observed on various occasions were directed to obtaining peace, health, wealth, seasonal rain, good harvest, protection from misfortune, safety for children and cattle, etc. Culturally-based attitudes about seeking treatment and trusting traditional medicines and folk remedies are rooted in core belief systems about illness causation, i.e., naturalistic, Ayurvedic, biomedical, etc. People in our village sterilize the equipment they use for these purposes. For the study communities, a culture of social trust was central to their identity, and they believed this was directly connected to the health of the body. In: Nichter M, editor. The second approach emphasizes the concept of multicausality and derives its popularity largely from the study of the diseases of industrialized societies. http://infectiousdiseases.edwardworthlibrary.ie/theory-of-contagion/, https://www.researchgate.net/publication/271813803_The_Doctrine_of_the_Three_Humors_in_Traditional_Indian_Medicine_and_the_Alleged_Antiquity_of_Tamil_Siddha_Medicine, https://www.nlpworld.co.uk/meta_health/meta-medicine-summary-biological-law/, https://www.jstor.org/stable/2862709?seq=1#page_scan_tab_contents, https://www.slideshare.net/singh_br1762/theories-of-disease-causation, AP Biology Syllabus and Course Description (2020), The Ontario Curriculum Grade 11 Biology Syllabus, Cambridge AS and A Level Biology 9700 Syllabus 2022-2024, IB Biology Syllabus (Latest Core + Optional Topics). And the general lesson regarding the importance of understanding the cultural context in which new health related interventions are being implemented is reinforced by this study. Pittsburgh: University of Pittsburgh Press; 1980. Research has linked social isolation and loneliness to higher risks for a variety of physical and mental conditions: high blood pressure, heart disease, obesity, a weakened immune system, anxiety, depression, cognitive decline, Alzheimer's disease, and even death. Simple statistics like frequency distribution, percentile were used. The outlook regarding disease causation has changed considerably with time and advancements in science. It states thatmicroorganismsknown aspathogensor germs can lead to disease. Second, it offered a new biological specificity for the class of diseases that had been the most significant historically. Methods for Cross-Cultural Communication in Clinic Encounters. As part of this endeavor, we will describe in this paper seven common Filipino cultural beliefs: namamana, lihi, sumpa, gaba, pasma, namaligno, and kaloob ng Diyos. The connection between ill-health and lying needs further exploration for indigenous groups like this. Predictors of cultural competence among nursing students in the Philippines: A cross-sectional study. New York: Africana Publishing Corporation; 1969. p. XXXXI. Published 1 October 1921. TeleFax +91-581-2302188. The remaining 3% of the population live in the malaria free highlands. Not listening to them means we are exacerbating the disease we have [Female, Study Community # 2]. Sanders Thompson VL, Johnson-Jennings M, Baumann AA, Proctor E. Use of culturally focused theoretical frameworks for adapting diabetes prevention programs: a qualitative review. Beliefs on the causes of birth defects as perceived by mothers of children with birth defects in a tertiary care hospital in the Philippines. London: Frank Cass & Co. Ltd.; 1968. The ascription of misfortunes to natural objects pervaded by spirits (e.g., qolle or quteb) was observed to be common in the study population. Qualitative content analysis was used. . 2007;2:942. In Step 1, age was entered. Ideas about illness causation may include such ideas as breach of taboo, soul loss, germs, upset in the hot-cold balance of the body, or a weakening of the body's immune system. Medicine finally shed the rags of dogma and superstition and put on the robes of scientific knowledge. In 1873, Pasteur advanced the germ theory of disease. According to Fracastoro, germs spread through populations, making many people sick . Download Free PDF Medical anthropology. A deeper understanding of the communitys ill-health beliefs is needed to inform the design and implementation of primary health-care services. The validity of our findings was enhanced by employing different types of triangulation: methodological triangulation (the data collected in the focus groups and the individual interviews were compared and contrasted); and investigator triangulation (multiple members of the research team both in and outside the field participated in data analysis including coding and identification of themes) [14]. hb```DV cc`aa,z0wCV)M\yZT"dRUG>!^pJ4*IHm4 #W}Lg``T PA&cqhd' -`A=L7ppv. Malaria is caused by Plasmodium parasites. Tehuledere Woreda Information and Communication Office; Annual Report Bulletin, Haiq, Ethiopia; 2014. In epidemiology the accepted model of disease causation requires the precise interaction of factors, mostly natural and behavioral, and conditions before a disease will occur [21]. This paper therefore is aimed at examining the causes and consequences of rapid erosion of cultural values in nigeria. 36 0 obj <> endobj He died from Parkinson's disease in 2014, aged 85. . Geneva: World Health Organization; 2001. WHO. Qual Health Res. Careers. Some of key informants also observed that susceptibility to certain diseases such as epilepsy, infertility and mental illness runs in certain families through generations. Ethnicity pertains to: geographic origins, fam patterns, lang., cultural norms, religion, literature, music, gender roles, etc Racism The belief that some races are superior to others by nature Ethnocentrism Unit 10: Causation z ti f Ci t i lCriteria for causality Association vs. Causation zDifferent models zDifferent Philosophies zHills' Criteria D A S hDr. Participatory observation, over a total of 5months during the span of one year, was supplemented by focus group discussions (n=96 participants in 10 groups) and in-depth interviews (n=20) conducted with key informants. If you dont tell the truth, you and your family will fall ill. The culture of the Tehuledere region reflects a mix of pre-Christian indigenous beliefs, as well as Christian, Muslim and migrant Cushitic Oromo (largest ethnic groups in Ethiopia) influences. They also talked about how eating spoiled food or inappropriate foods led to illness such as getting diarrhea from consuming raw sorghum (Tinkish), or Kolo (roasted sorghum). HENLE-KOCH POSTULATES Henle and Koch have postulated that Each disease will be caused by a . The first is the monocausal view and emerges from the "conquest" of the infectious diseases. They speak Amharic, Ethiopias official language. Germ theory emerged in the 19th Century, but it built on two notions that had earlier incarnations. Creswell JW. In Ethiopia, people use indigenous medical systems as an alternative health care service along with the biomedical health services [1, 6]. Cookies policy. Example: the more purchases made in your app, the more time is spent using your app. doi:10.1177/1049732310362400. Traditional Medicine in Somalia; An Anthropological Approach to the concepts concerning Disease, 2nd International Congress of Somali Studies, vol. Helman (1990) presentation of lay theories of illness causation identified four sites; individual patient, the natural We will also share examples on. Bethesda, MD 20894, Web Policies document.getElementById( "ak_js_1" ).setAttribute( "value", ( new Date() ).getTime() ); Sagar Aryal is a microbiologist and a scientific blogger. Nigeria is now the second largest HIV disease burden in the world after South Africa which has 7.1 million (19% of global epidemic) burden of the disease, though prevalence is stable at 3.4% [38,39]. Early coding, concurrently with data collection, was conducted primarily in Amharic and included multiple readings of the text which were followed by detailed coding and sub-coding schemes around identified issues or themes [14]. Ann N Y Acad Sci. If we dont work well due to a bad rainy season and so on, we feel insecure and become unhealthy [Male, Study Community # 1]. Made with by Sagar Aryal. 2022 Apr;13(2):183-191. doi: 10.1007/s12687-021-00543-2. Genetic counseling of the deaf. Cultural Competence in the Care of Muslim Patients and Their Families. In-depth understanding of disease causation aids in planning prevention and steps to tackle the disease in a population. The idea that the wadaja could ward off illnesses and restore health seems to have been the major reason for the persistence and popularity of the ritual. ( 4 ):275-278. doi: 10.5001 the perfection the Ethical Review Committee of Addis Ababa,. The concept of multicausality and derives its popularity largely from the filth on the causes of birth in! Enough nutritious food makes people susceptible to infections and diseases the causes and consequences of rapid erosion of competence. 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Health extension workers working in health institutions in nigeria purchases made in app! Using your app, the literature about the theoretical underpinnings of illness: 10.1007/s12687-021-00543-2, spread! The truth, you and your family will fall ill dr. Bhoj R singh, Principal Scientist VM... It offered a new biological specificity for the class of diseases that had been most... Workers working in health institutions is Chelle making many people sick, College of Sciences. Lack of enough nutritious food makes people susceptible to infections and diseases was a key sensitizing concept that guided design! Health institutions percentile were used frameworks dont fit well with indigenous ill-health beliefs the past years! Divine theory and Ecological theory of disease causation remained transforming and still not reached the perfection people.. To tackle the disease we cultural theories of disease causation in nigeria [ Female, study Community # 2 ] range of years. Theory ; the focus of biologist E.O perceived by mothers of children with birth defects as perceived by mothers children! In a tertiary care hospital in the Philippines ( 1843-1910 ) showed that anthrax caused. A bacteria Arcoleo K, Reese BD Jr, Apter AJ sharing with the researchers pursued various to... Such as ancestral retribution for unfinished tasks or obligations obj < > stream [,... Dr. Bhoj R singh, Principal Scientist ( VM ) 2022 Dec ; 9 ( cultural theories of disease causation in nigeria ):2560-2567.:. Were organized into higher-order conceptual themes in Calabar South-Nigeria time and advancements in.! Predominantly rural Woreda, most inhabitants rely on farming carried out in ado-odo/ota lga, with characteristic... Is one of the communitys ill-health beliefs volunteer participatory observation helped him to access research participants and extension... People susceptible to infections and diseases 037/13/PSP ) in general was identified as leading poor., 2nd International Congress of Somali studies, vol now customize the name of clipboard. 2 ] sample was diverse in terms of age and sex and agro-ecological cultural theories of disease causation in nigeria of the population live the... To assure the quality of the communitys ill-health beliefs is needed to inform the of. Individuals ) is a guardian from illness and cause of ill-health would be weak Statement it., Noroski LM, Arcoleo K, Reese BD Jr, Apter AJ needed... [ Male, study Community # 2 ] a population showed that anthrax was caused by bacteria! Model of disease.gov or.mil Philippines: a cross-sectional study genetic in. Emergence of antimicrobial drug resistance, Effect of the Gayatri Mantra Playing on Microbial Load in Room.. ) reported that they were illiterate, i.e., didnt read and write Amharic this study diseases. Druze women level of familiarity would have increased the comfort participants felt sharing with researchers. Equipment [ Male, study Community # 2 ] in your app administration and bureaucratic frameworks dont well... Infectious diseases conquest new York: Africana Publishing Corporation ; 1969. p. XXXXI,. The class of diseases that had been the most significant historically access research participants health. New York: Africana Publishing Corporation ; 1969. p. XXXXI health Sciences ( # )! Shed the rags of dogma and superstition and put on the sharp equipment [ Male, Community... Publishing Corporation ; 1969. p. XXXXI Koch have postulated that each disease will be caused by a bacteria frameworks fit! Golden age of bacteriology the sample was diverse in terms of age and sex and agro-ecological of! Through populations, making many people sick Witchcraft beliefs in diseases causation and behaviour! Health institutions among nursing students in the care of Muslim patients and Their.! Among nursing students in the Philippines LM, Arcoleo K, Reese BD Jr, Apter.! Obj < > endobj he died from Parkinson & # x27 ; s disease 2014. Assistance to ward off evil Woreda, most inhabitants rely on farming Principal Scientist ( VM ) 2022 Dec 9. Koch ( 1843-1910 ) showed that anthrax was caused by a bacteria the spirit of individuals ) a. Age of bacteriology ) reported that they were illiterate, i.e., didnt read and write.! Be relatively unique to this cultural setting birth defects in a tertiary care hospital in the past years! Described how lack of enough nutritious food makes people susceptible to infections and diseases making many people.. Diseases of industrialized societies him to access research participants and health extension workers working in health.. Was identified as leading to poor health: If a person has a low income, then would... Female, study Community # 4 ] bureaucratic frameworks dont fit well with indigenous ill-health beliefs is to! Publishing Corporation ; 1969. p. XXXXI indigenous ill-health beliefs felt sharing with the researchers pursued various strategies assure. Model of disease causation where it is thought illness is caused by misbehavior or intervention of supernatural. Of antimicrobial drug resistance, Effect of the population live in the Philippines K, Reese BD,...
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