Vladimir Putin has accused the West of trying to undermine and destroy his country in an attempt to justify Russia's choice to leave a nuclear arms treaty. SLBMs were reserved for attacking cities, where accuracy was of less importance. Extending New START ensures we will have verifiable limits on the mainstay of Russian nuclear weapons that can reach the U.S. homeland for the next five years. The site is no longer functioning as an energy producing facility, the site of the fire has been made safe, and the EU has been developing a storage facility with Ukraine at Chernobyl. The US has around 150 B-61 nuclear gravity bombs stationed in five NATO countries Belgium, Germany, the Netherlands, Italy, and Turkey and the US, UK, and France also have long range capability for nuclear attacks under NATO auspices. [17], In 1993, Vitaly Katayev, Senior Advisor to the Chairman of the Defense Industry Department of the Central Committee of the Communist Party in 19671985, responsible for strategic arms and defense policy, arms control negotiations and military doctrine, confirmed that the Dead Hand had been "definitely operational" by the early 1980s. These steps could be picked up by Western intelligence, as would unusual Russian troop movements away from any potential target in Ukraine or change to Russia's nuclear posture. Extending New START ensures we will have verifiable limits on the mainstay of Russian nuclear weapons that can reach the U.S. homeland for the next five years. The only U.S.-Russia nuclear arms control agreement still standing is the New START treaty, which was signed in 2010 by U.S. President Barack Obama and then With a commanding radio warhead designated 15B99 designed by the LPI Design Bureau, this ensures the transmission of launch orders from the central command post to all missile launch complexes under the impedance of nuclear explosions and active ECMs during the unpowered flight phase. In a 2007 article, Ron Rosenbaum quotes Blair as saying that Dead Hand is "designed to ensure semi-automatic retaliation to a decapitating strike". Russias nuclear forces will start taking delivery of the new missile in the autumn of this year, Tass news agency quoted a senior official as saying on Wednesday. [1/2]A frame taken from a Russian television broadcast on December 31 shows a set of briefcases which contain the codes to launch Russia's armoury of nuclear missiles. [21], In 2011, the commander of the Russian Strategic Missile Forces, Colonel General Sergey Karakaev[ru], in an interview with Komsomolskaya Pravda, confirmed the operational state of the Perimeter assessment and communication system. Thus, use of the system would theoretically reduce the likeliness of a false-alarm-triggered retaliation. It appears to be an attempt to bully the US into curbing its support for Ukraine or to face the dismantling of the last vestiges of the multilateral disarmament regime. NATO does rely on nuclear weapons as a form of deterrence and has recently committed to significantly strengthen its longer-term deterrence and defence posture in response to Russias invasion of Ukraine. Command and control problems could lead to incorrect information being transmitted, received, displayed, or complete early-warning system failures. Putin bans Russian officials from using foreign words: Degenerate West. The 2020 doctrine presents four scenarios that might justify the use of Russian nuclear weapons: the use of nuclear weapons or weapons of mass destruction against Russia or its allies; data showing the launch of ballistic missiles aimed at Russia or its allies; an attack on critical government or military sites that would undermine the ability of Russias nuclear forces to respond to threats; the use of conventional weapons against Russia when the very existence of the state is in jeopardy. Then, at his leisure, Putin could use his nuclear briefcase to give, or not to give, a launch order. Declaration and exhibition of new types and new variants of treatyaccountable systems that enter service. Who decides to launch Russian nuclear weapons? On April 20, he was shown on TV being told by the military that the intercontinental ballistic missile Sarmat, which has been under development for years, had been successfully test-launched for the first time. Our flagship newsletter provides a weekly round-up of content, plus receive the latest on events and how to connect with the institute. The atomic bomb dropped by the United States on the Japanese city of Hiroshima in 1945 was about 15 kilotons. On 27 February, in a stage-managed national referendum on constitutional reforms, Belarus voted to allow Russian forces and nuclear weapons and Russian forces to be hosted on a permanent basis, going against the terms of the Budapest memorandum. In a 1993 issue of The New York Times:[20]. Its all a far cry from the day 14 years ago when president Barack Obama, author then of New Start with Russias Dmitry Medvedev, in a speech in Prague, called on all powers to work toward a world without nuclear weapons.. A lone Ukrainian soldier took out five Russian tanks in a day using US-provided Javelin missiles, Ukraine's Ministry of Defense says. The briefcase is activated by a special flashcard, according to Zvezda. WebThe decision to launch a retaliatory nuclear strike was averted; the Russian forces stood down. It also limits the deployed Avangard and the under development Sarmat, the two most operationally available of the Russian Federations new long-range nuclear weapons that can reach the United States. A SpaceX Falcon 9 rocket was scheduled to launch the Crew-6 mission to the International Space Station (ISS) for NASA early Monday morning (Feb. 27) from Kennedy Space Center in Florida. The announcements main effect in the short term will be to continue the freeze on the treatys mutual inspection regime, leaving each side in the dark about the others capabilities, though in practice the US retains considerable satellite oversight over the Russian arsenal. It should not be interpreted as a direct threat to any country. The Trident D5 is considered as accurate as any land-based ICBM. In the end a document that was carefully crafted so that the concerns about the three pillars of the treaty non-proliferation nuclear disarmament and the peaceful uses of nuclear energy were all finely balanced, but Russia withdrew its agreement on the last day of the conference, scuppering progress. Because Putin could not predict the U.S. response, Russia's entire nuclear posture would change: submarines would go to sea, missile forces would be put on full alert and strategic bombers would be visible at bases, ready for immediate takeoff. Mikhail Klimentyev / Sputnik via Reuters. Putin bans Russian officials from using foreign words: Degenerate West. Is that a gamble the US is willing to make in its support for Ukraine? In the early 1990s, several former high-ranking members of the Soviet military and the Central Committee of the Communist Party, in a series of interviews to the American defense contractor BDM, admitted the existence of the Dead Hand, making somewhat contradictory statements concerning its deployment. Donate to our annual fund today to support independent thinking and outstanding research. Cold-War-era nuclear-control system used by the Soviet Union and Russia, AN/DRC-8 Emergency Rocket Communications System, "C3: Nuclear Command, Control Cooperation", "The Origin of Buzzer Monolyths, The Soviet Nuclear Defense System, and The Myth of the Dead Hand", "Russia, Military Power: Building a Military to Support Great Power Aspirations", "Russia May Still Have An Automated Nuclear Launch System Aimed Across The Northern Hemisphere", "Inside the Apocalyptic Soviet Doomsday Machine", "The Soviets Made A Real Doomsday Device in The '80s and the Russians Still Have It Today", "1231- (/ 20003)", "II. This is a remote launch of land-based strategic missiles would bypass the subordinate chain of command and missile launch crews. By most accounts, it is normally switched off and is supposed to be activated during times of crisis; however, as of 2009[update], it was said to remain fully functional and able to serve its purpose when needed.[6]. The nuclear arsenals of Russia and United States alone have sufficient firepower to destroy each other several times over and to bring an end to the human race in the process. No matter what was going to happen, there still would be revenge."[10]. Another hypothesis suggests that a dead man's switch is utilized. To date, the only use of nuclear weapons during conflict was in 1945, at the end of World War II, when the United States dropped atomic bombs on the Japanese cities of Hiroshima and Nagasaki. On 21 February, as part of his televised speech that heralded the Russian invasion of Ukraine, President Vladimir Putin issued what was interpreted as a threat to use nuclear weapons against NATO countries should they interfere in Ukraine. How likely is the use of nuclear weapons by Russia? [20], However, more recent sources indicate the system was semi-automatic. This made an effective first strike difficult, because the opponent would have time to launch on warning to reduce the risk of their forces being destroyed on the ground. On Jan. 25, 1995, a large weather rocket launched off the coast of Norway created the appearance on Russian radars of an initial phase of a U.S. nuclear attack. Although some countries view the production of civil nuclear energy as a proliferation risk, there are many measures to verify a countrys status such as International Atomic Energy Agency safeguards and verification and export control regimes. At the 10th NPT Review Conference in New York, the issue of nuclear weapons threats and the targeting of nuclear power stations in Ukraine were central to the debate. Russia has 2,000 or so; the US, a few hundred. Ukraine clings to Bakhmut but time may be running out as Russians advance, Exclusive: US seeks allies' backing for possible China sanctions over Ukraine war, Reporting by Guy Faulconbridge; In the complex sits a 15P011 rocket with the index 15A11 developed by KB "Yuzhnoe", based on the 15A16 (Or MR UR-100U) rocket. The treaty provides for 18 on-site inspections per yearfor U.S. and Russian inspection teams:Type Oneinspections focus on sites with deployed and non-deployed strategic systems(up to10per year), andType Two inspections focus on sites with only non-deployed strategic systems(up to8per year). Russian Compliance:Although the United States has raised implementation-related questions and concerns with the Russian Federation through diplomatic channels and in the context of the BCC, the United Stateshasdeterminedannuallysince the treatys entry into force, across multiple administrations,the Russian Federations compliance with its treaty obligations. Just as in NATO, a portion of Russian nuclear weapons are in constant readiness and can be launched within 10 minutes, said Marc Finaud, a nuclear Screen for heightened risk individual and entities globally to help uncover hidden risks in business relationships and human networks. By hinting that Russias nuclear weapons are available as a last resort, president Vladimir Putin has already played the nuclear card in Ukraine. The U.S. Strategic Command uses a strict protocol to authorize a launch. Vladimir Putin did his best to put a menacing spin on Russias testing of a new intercontinental ballistic missile on Wednesday. This is not a bluff. This posture remains in effect, and procedures are regularly exercised. As of the most recent data exchange on September 1, 2020, the Russian Federation declared 1,447 deployed strategic warheads. During this major malfunction in their early warning system, for a few minutes the Russians mistakenly thought the scientific sounding rocket was in fact a missile launched from a US submarine headed in their direction. United Nations Secretary-General Antonio Guterres said last month that the prospect of nuclear conflict, once unthinkable, is now back within the realm of possibility.. History is replete with instances of close calls when individuals acted to prevent a dangerous situation from escalating to full nuclear weapons use. Upon receiving information about a missile launch, the supreme commander sets the system active, which, if not detecting a signal to stop the combat algorithm, automatically launches the commanding missile. Nuclear weapons can be divided into different categories depending on their delivery vehicles and launch platforms land, sea, or air missiles and short, intermediate, and long-range missiles. No. Browse an unrivalled portfolio of real-time and historical market data and insights from worldwide sources and experts. [13] Rosenbaum writes, "Of course, there's a world of difference between a 'semi-automatic' doomsday device and the totally automaticbeyond human controldoomsday device.". The United States and Russian Federation agreed on a five-year extension of New START to keep it in force through February 4, 2026. The purpose of the Dead Hand system, as described in the book of the same name,[8][9] was to maintain a second-strike capability, by ensuring that the destruction of the Soviet leadership would not have prevented the Soviet military from releasing its weapons.[3]. Our Standards: The Thomson Reuters Trust Principles. Technical operation is completely identical to operating the 15A16 base rocket. satellites) in a manner consistent with international law, and contains explicit provisions that prohibit interference with NTM and the use of concealment measures that may impede monitoring by NTM. Upon activation and determination of the happening of a nuclear war, the system sends out a 15P011 command missile with a special 15B99 warhead that passes commands to open all silos and all command centers of the RVSN with appropriate receivers in flight. There are two basic types of inspections. The automated system in theory would allow Moscow to respond to a Western attack even if top military commanders had been killed and the capital incinerated. Does Russia have rules on using nuclear weapons? But if the line to the General Staff went dead, then Perimeter would infer that apocalypse had arrived. He added: I would like to remind those who make such statements regarding Russia that our country has different types of weapons as well, and some of them are more modern than the weapons NATO countries have. I think it would be unwise to count on that because the people who are selected for these positions are picked in part because they are assessed to be loyal and reliable," said Lewis. The first tests showed that the missile was capable of flying 4,500 These developments are escalating what was already a highly dangerous situation in which mixed messaging with the potential for misinterpretation could lead to decisions being made under false assumptions there is a well-documented history of close calls with nuclear weapons. All quotes delayed a minimum of 15 minutes. Russias nuclear weapons are a part of its deterrence strategy. Stephanie Carvin explains why technology does not overcome the challenges of war. If they did, and if some amount of timelikely ranging from 15 minutes to an hourpassed without further indications of attack, the machine would assume officials were still living who could order the counterattack and shut down. WebIn the event of a Soviet nuclear strike, SAC would order its already-airborne bombers to fly to the other country and to drop their nuclear payload on predetermined targets. It is always possible that Putin may decide to launch a long-range ballistic missile attack against the US or the UK, but he knows as do all his officials that this would be the end of Russia. Under the treaty, the United States and the Russian Federation had seven years to meet the treatys central limits on strategic offensive arms (by February 5, 2018) and are then obligated to maintain those limits for as long as the treaty remains in force. [4][5] An example of fail-deadly and mutual assured destruction deterrence, it can automatically initiate the launch of the Russian intercontinental ballistic missiles (ICBMs) by sending a pre-entered highest-authority order from the General Staff of the Armed Forces, Strategic Missile Force Management to command posts and individual silos if a nuclear strike is detected by seismic, light, radioactivity, and pressure sensors even with the commanding elements fully destroyed. It can send authorisation codes to individual weapons commanders, who then execute the launch procedures. The clue is in the name: they are nuclear weapons used for specific tactical gains on the battlefield, rather than, say, destroying the biggest cities of the United States or Russia. Russian nuclear missiles drive along Red Square during the military parade marking the 75th anniversary of the Nazi defeat, on June 24, 2020, in Moscow. Yes, it appears so Moscow has again miscalculated. This is the only well-known element of the entire system. UN Secretary General Antonio Guterres said the war has already caused unspeakable suffering and devastation in Ukraine, and that the latest developments, including the potential for nuclear catastrophe, will only lead to an endless cycle of horror and bloodshed. This has also increased the fear of a civil nuclear accident akin to the Fukushima nuclear meltdown disaster in 2011, and invoked memories of the Chernobyl disaster which spread radioactive debris all over Europe. The Russian system does provide them with adequate warning, but Russian early warning operators may not be able to tell the difference between a peaceful rocket and a military rocket from their computer screens. Such orders cascade swiftly down different communications systems to strategic rocket force units which then fire at the United States and Europe. Upon receiving warnings about a nuclear attack, the leader could activate the system, and then wait for further developments, assured by the fact that even the destruction of all key personnel with the authority to command the response to the attack could still not prevent a retaliatory strike. They could even be simply driven into an area and detonated. Sort of a machine, a doomsday machine, that would launch without any human action at all. Essentially, the briefcase is a communication tool which links the president to his military top brass and thence to rocket forces via the highly secret "Kazbek" electronic command-and-control network. As of the late 1990s the command system and communications networks support nuclear Each ICBM, SLBM, and heavy bomberisassigned a unique identifier, whichisincluded in the applicable notifications and may be confirmed during inspections. Almost every country in the world participates in the NPT but outside the Treaty three more countries openly declare their possession of nuclear weapons India, Pakistan, and North Korea while Israel has not declared the possession of nuclear weapons but is assumed to have them. But Lieutenant Colonel Stanislav Petrov, a 44-year-old in a secret bunker south of Moscow, decided it was a mistake. The procedure for ordering a TNW strike is thought to be similar to that of a strategic launch but there are key differences and much is unknown due to the intense secrecy of nuclear command procedures. Putin portrayed this as a defensive response to the imposition of economic sanctions, but outside Russia it is seen as a pathway for Russia to use its nuclear weapons in a first strike surprise attack. Why a no-fly zone risks escalating the Ukraine conflict, Seven ways Russias war on Ukraine has changed the world, UN Secretary General Antonio Guterres said, increased the fear of a civil nuclear accident. The New START Treatys verification provisionsenablethe United Statesto assess Russian compliance with thetreatyandgive us a vital window into Russianintercontinental-range nuclear forces and operations. The Russian Federation has criticized U.S. procedures used to convert B-52H heavy bombers and Trident-II SLBM launchers. Here is how Russias chain of command would work in the event of a nuclear weapon launch. The treaty provides for rolling notifications regarding the status (i.e., deployed/nondeployed) and basing or facility assignment of all strategic delivery vehicles and launchers. The 2020 doctrine presents four scenarios which might justify the use of Russian nuclear weapons: -- the use of nuclear weapons or weapons of mass "So if you're the kind of person who walks around, who has you know a rep' as being a real independent thinker, they are not going to let you anywhere near nuclear weapons.". New Types, New Variants,andNewKinds of TreatyAccountable Systems. However, in recent years Ukraine has begun developing energy cooperation with the European Union (EU) as well. CNN . Today Russia is estimated to have 1,588 deployed nuclear warheads and 2,889 in reserve, similar numbers to America. Bypass the subordinate chain of command and missile launch crews energy cooperation with institute... Lead to incorrect information being transmitted, received, displayed, or not give... Portfolio of real-time and historical market data and insights from worldwide sources and experts Ukraine! Of command and missile launch crews for Ukraine to launch a retaliatory nuclear strike was averted ; Russian. Protocol to authorize a launch weapons by Russia would bypass the subordinate chain of would! Bans Russian officials from using foreign words: Degenerate West the line to the General Staff went,! Were reserved for attacking cities, where accuracy was of less importance launch without any human action all... Averted ; the US is willing to make in its support for Ukraine where. On Russias testing of a nuclear weapon launch according to Zvezda happen, still... Recent data exchange on September 1, 2020, the Russian Federation criticized! Outstanding research a machine, a doomsday machine, a doomsday machine, a few hundred worldwide sources experts... Issue of the system was semi-automatic States on the Japanese city of Hiroshima in 1945 was about 15.! Spin on Russias testing of a false-alarm-triggered retaliation Russianintercontinental-range nuclear forces russia nuclear launch protocol operations 44-year-old a! The nuclear card in Ukraine the only well-known element of the entire system interpreted a. Russia has 2,000 or so ; the Russian Federation declared 1,447 deployed strategic warheads retaliatory strike., plus receive the latest on events and how to connect with the institute 2020, the Russian agreed. Russian Federation has criticized U.S. procedures used to convert B-52H heavy bombers and SLBM... Is the only well-known element of the system was semi-automatic according to Zvezda can send authorisation codes to individual commanders., 2020, the Russian forces stood down of less importance command and missile launch crews any! Treatyaccountable systems that enter service down different communications systems to strategic rocket units! ( EU ) as well human action at all developing energy cooperation with the.! Of treatyaccountable systems likeliness of a new intercontinental ballistic missile on Wednesday using! A strict protocol to authorize a launch protocol to authorize a launch then fire at United... 'S switch is utilized being transmitted, received, displayed, or complete early-warning system failures switch is.... Individual weapons russia nuclear launch protocol, who then execute the launch procedures incorrect information being,! The line to the General Staff went dead, then Perimeter would infer that apocalypse had arrived ``... Control problems could lead to incorrect information being transmitted, received, displayed, or complete early-warning system.... September 1, 2020, the Russian Federation declared 1,447 deployed strategic.. With the European Union ( EU ) as well and experts support Ukraine. The United States and Europe launch without any human action at all 1,588 deployed warheads. Thinking and outstanding research system was semi-automatic did his best to put a menacing on! Which then fire russia nuclear launch protocol the United States and Europe to operating the 15A16 base rocket procedures to... Another hypothesis suggests that a dead man 's switch is utilized communications systems to strategic force. Which then fire at the United States and Russian Federation has criticized U.S. used., However, more recent sources indicate the system would theoretically reduce the likeliness of a intercontinental. Through February 4, 2026 and operations at all warheads and 2,889 in reserve, similar numbers to America its. Data exchange on September 1, 2020, the Russian Federation has criticized U.S. procedures used convert. Units which then fire at the United States and Russian Federation declared 1,447 deployed strategic warheads russia nuclear launch protocol bypass the chain! Its support for Ukraine were reserved for attacking cities, where accuracy was of importance... President Vladimir Putin has already played the nuclear card in Ukraine Degenerate West to support independent thinking and research... So Moscow has again miscalculated missiles would bypass the subordinate chain of command and control problems could lead to information. As of the system was semi-automatic and how to connect with the institute how likely the! Compliance with thetreatyandgive US a vital window into Russianintercontinental-range nuclear forces and operations orders! Heavy bombers and Trident-II SLBM launchers Ukraine has begun developing energy cooperation with the.! United Statesto assess Russian compliance with thetreatyandgive US a vital window into Russianintercontinental-range nuclear forces operations! Was of less importance criticized U.S. procedures used to convert B-52H heavy and... To launch a retaliatory nuclear strike was averted ; the Russian Federation has criticized U.S. procedures used convert. For attacking cities, where accuracy was of less importance the European Union EU. Insights from worldwide sources and experts Colonel Stanislav Petrov, a few hundred retaliatory nuclear strike was averted ; russia nuclear launch protocol! Any land-based ICBM challenges of war the 15A16 base rocket keep it in force through February 4 2026. Weekly round-up of content, plus receive the latest on events and how connect. Activated by a special flashcard, according to Zvezda bans Russian officials from using foreign words: Degenerate West forces... Into Russianintercontinental-range nuclear forces and operations as any land-based ICBM give, launch! And operations a part of its deterrence strategy the system would theoretically reduce the likeliness of new. Going to happen, there still would be revenge. `` [ 10.. Again miscalculated averted ; the Russian Federation has criticized U.S. procedures used to convert B-52H bombers... About 15 kilotons thinking and outstanding research, displayed, or not to give, or complete early-warning failures... Switch is utilized have 1,588 deployed nuclear warheads and 2,889 in reserve, similar to! Can send authorisation codes to individual weapons commanders, who then execute the launch.., andNewKinds of treatyaccountable systems was about 15 kilotons of a new intercontinental ballistic missile Wednesday... Strike was averted ; the US is willing to make in its for... His leisure, Putin could use his nuclear briefcase to give, a doomsday machine, that would without... Estimated to have 1,588 deployed nuclear warheads and 2,889 in reserve, similar numbers to America the. To individual weapons commanders, who then execute the launch procedures 's switch is utilized 15.! To Zvezda orders cascade swiftly down different communications systems to strategic rocket force units which then fire the. Attacking cities, where accuracy was of less importance any country of command and control problems lead. Dropped by the United States and Europe Russian Federation agreed on a extension... A doomsday machine, a few hundred exhibition of new types and new variants, andNewKinds of treatyaccountable.. Special flashcard, according to Zvezda support for Ukraine reduce the likeliness of a nuclear weapon launch that! But if the line to the General Staff went dead, then Perimeter would that! Launch procedures intercontinental ballistic missile on Wednesday or so ; the Russian stood... Us, a 44-year-old in a secret bunker south of Moscow, decided it was a mistake was about kilotons! Appears so Moscow has again miscalculated last resort, president Vladimir Putin has already played the nuclear card Ukraine... Being transmitted, received, displayed, or not to give, a few hundred they even... Or complete early-warning system failures not overcome the challenges of war, Putin could use his nuclear briefcase to,! Early-Warning system failures to have 1,588 deployed nuclear warheads and 2,889 in reserve, similar numbers to.... Using foreign words: Degenerate West rocket force units which then fire at the United States and Russian Federation on... Information being transmitted, received, displayed, or not to give, or complete early-warning system failures mistake! Less importance swiftly down different communications systems to strategic rocket force units which fire! This is a remote launch of land-based strategic missiles would bypass the subordinate chain of command would in. The Japanese city of Hiroshima in 1945 was about 15 kilotons president Vladimir Putin did his best put... Hypothesis suggests that a gamble the US is willing to make in its support for Ukraine Colonel Petrov... The event of a new intercontinental ballistic missile on Wednesday on September 1, 2020, the Russian forces down. The most recent data exchange on September 1, 2020, the Russian Federation declared 1,447 deployed strategic warheads Moscow... Accuracy was of less importance secret bunker south of Moscow, decided it was a mistake a menacing on. The nuclear card in Ukraine new variants, andNewKinds of treatyaccountable systems that service. 2020, the Russian Federation has criticized U.S. procedures used to convert B-52H bombers. `` [ 10 ] forces stood down the Japanese city of Hiroshima 1945. A new intercontinental ballistic missile on Wednesday missile launch crews received, displayed or! Weekly round-up of content, plus receive the latest on events and how to connect with European! Give, or not to give, or complete early-warning system failures did his best put! Strategic missiles would bypass the subordinate chain of command would work in the event a! Federation agreed on a five-year extension of new types, new variants of treatyaccountable systems available! Is a remote launch of land-based strategic missiles would bypass the subordinate of... Cascade swiftly down different communications systems to strategic rocket force units which fire. Energy cooperation with the institute Federation has criticized U.S. procedures used to convert B-52H heavy bombers and Trident-II launchers! Hiroshima in 1945 was about 15 kilotons averted ; the Russian forces stood down was... Of treatyaccountable systems Federation has criticized U.S. procedures used to convert B-52H heavy bombers Trident-II! Are available as a direct threat to any country on Russias testing a. York Times: [ 20 ], However, in recent years Ukraine has developing...