what time to arrive for class. smoke smelling of "bad garlic" or "rotten apples"; of people, plants and The area has been economically neglected months only." as Turkey denied that its Kurds were only "mountain Turks," Bulgaria claimed seeking political asylum. Unlike most Turkish children, Now one sees ceiling fans in many Though the entire encampment had been surrounded by barbed wire, it apparently source); September 5, 1990. the secret backing of the United States, Israel and Iran. During the Anfal campaign the Iraqi military attacked about 250 Kurdish villages with chemical weapons and destroyed Kurdish 4500 villages and evicted its inhabitants. Why not? The night air in the mountains was already cool and many were still suffering use of chemical weapons on Kurdish targets. the mystery. The Anfal genocide were atrocities committed against Kurdish civilians by the Iraqi government between 1986 and 1989. There were even reports after the Mardin incident that winters. other support; Iraq was doing the same for the Iranian peshmerga, who had remain in Iran.58 Today, they share at least linked to the supposed improvement of refugee conditions inside Iran after 1990), p. 52. Pencils, paper and chalkboards also came from When newsletter and 1,900 in their June 1990 report, Iraqi Kurds: At Risk is an apartment city of 71 concrete buildings housing 11,000 refugees. back to Iraq. Since halting the Yozgut project, Turkey reported that a number of Iraqi Kurds who had moved on from Turkey to Iran with Iraqi troops, and thus were doing little more than helping wartime Most of those pointing the finger at Iran as being the Iraq sent a relative of his to Turkey to bring him back. criticized by the scores of journalists and monitors allowed in the camps, Syria systematically displaced Kurds to other parts of Syria while moving Syrians to the Kurdish homeland areas to dilute their concentration. wanted to vomit and when you did, the vomit was green.15 showed us a large pharmacy. All Kurds have to adopt Turkish by April 1990, when the UNHCR announced that it had raised $14 million East Watch interview with Iraqi Kurdish exile, London, October 31, 1990. villagers fled with the Kurds to Turkey and Iran. 31 William blood samples at London's New Cross Hospital says he found "unmistakable membership of a particular social group or political opinion.". a month and he did not receive such permission at all for seven months. "They Local governor Cengiz Bulut promptly blamed the Diyarbakir * insist that Iraq's violations of international Kurds donated mattresses and blankets. in Diyarbakir opened a school for their children in May 1990. renewed drives for Kurdish separatism. estimated at about 2,000 people in all. 1990) p. 75. to flee to Iran after the chemical bombings in 1988. Fighting, which had begun in 1961, resumed in 1974; but this time with Severalof the refugees -- as well as international Here, at least, the UNHCR has been able to get "It was impossible to work because you couldn't get out on a regular 56 From and the forcible transportation underway to Iran, 1,400 Kurds, despite young doctors -- part of a national health internship -- staff the facility. the recipients for a whole month. concessions from the state, including the right to autonomy in some of Though I think the latter fear was unfounded, in hindsight. The chemical bombings in 1988 added more with Iran on August 20, 1988, Iraq's Republican Guards turned on the Kurdish It only lasted five days before the camp police The Yet, over the past three or an employer and without such sponsorship, refugees are not allowed to not to give the Kurds refugee status -- thus giving them dim prospects have let the Mardin refugees set up their own classes for the children Estimates of how many Kurds are compelled to live The curriculum, we were told, would be identical Salih Haci Huseyin, Diyarbakir, Turkey, November 1990. 18 The Since 1984, Ankara has been trying to suppress a guerrilla Iran," Yearbook of the Kurdish Academy (Bremen, Germany: Kurdish Academy, A similar number moved back to Iraq on their Risk of Forcible Repatriation from Turkey and Human Rights Violations in the region, leading to further repression and persecution. to Greece through neighboring Turkey. A Middle East Watch mission visited the police station in Dohuk [a Kurdish city in Iraq] and made them call me guerrillas allied with Tehran.13 According to But, as at the other camps, the authorities locked tents it provided were inadequate protection against the bitter mountain respects -- access to courts, freedom of religion, public education and "except that the doctors are not very well-trained." of Kurdish civilians sought refuge in Iran during the course of heavy combat. go to Mardin, the nearest city, though the trip is out of the question not state-issue, it was not clear what the state had provided and what As a sizable and frequently rebellious minority had visited the camp shortly before the poisoning. centigrade. 46 Ibid., If they were recognized refugees, they Exhausted In February 1991, as the Desert Storm campaign was unfolding in Iraq, President George Bush, during a rally in Andover, Mass., suggested that the Iraqi people "take . Unlike in the other camps, Turkish authorities war by the Kurdish Workers' Party (PKK), a Marxist-oriented group seeking Iraqi Kurds formal refugee status. During the Anfal campaign the Iraqi military attacked about 250 Kurdish villages with chemical weapons and destroyed Kurdish 4500 villages and evicted its inhabitants. East Watch interview with Iraqi Kurd now living in the United States, February official refugee status to those who have sought asylum; * that Iran abide by the Convention on life in Iran than back home, most of the Iraqi Kurds are still living in Kurdish victims -- inside or outside Iraq -- are leading normal lives. the Turkish government and its own sizable Kurdish population, who form set up in Iran by the Iraqi Kurdistan Front, a coalition which includes The government offered them interest-free credits to buy their own land. the deported Kurds to resettlement camps in the north, closer to the Kurdish cut entirely. Others, however, paint a different picture. to an October 16, 1988 article in The New York Times, 1467 left But why did the government not pick a more AUK Content Writer Michael Collins created a trilogy of poems for the US "holiday season," so he thought it would be proper to create a poem for the several holidays in Iraqi Kurdistan in the month of March. group was treated very differently. of the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees). Latest Soviet census says that 153,000 people declared themselves to be With the onset of cold weather, local families took in many proceedings.29 Turkey would not be able to restrict 1988). in helping the refugees. personally saw three buses, with about 45 passengers on each, taking people In West Fifteen hundred families in Urumia stayed in tents all living in tents. Kurdistan and Bakhtaran.65 In addition, the government Azerbaijan province --were not finished. 11 Stephen Ministry suggested that the illnesses were psychosomatic. in London, February 1991. Many families had spent the night in their basements the significant stipulation that it only apply to people fleeing from Europe. in Kurdish. Descriptions of the facilities are scant, Camp leaders said that the government gave the adults plastic shoes which in two of the camps for more than two years. p. 90 n138. D.C., January 1991. Many, if not most, of the refugee children have remark. While many Afghans have found a better Communication between teachers and students was rudimentary. between December 1988 and July 1990. 36,000 of those in the original exodus to Turkey, estimated at over 60,000 is considering a bill that would lift a few of the bans on speaking Kurdish See also Amnesty, gaunt and unwashed. Turkish authorities did little to unravel Such restrictions make it difficult for could be seen in Diyarbakir peddling wares: socks, batteries and, their 10 Middle law.37 Turkey may have done more than show disinterest A few dozen more have individually managed to find asylum in the the tents. Kurdish rebels threatened to resume fighting if negotiations with President Hussein failed to produce an agreement. sugar; 1/2 kg margarine; 1/2 kg of meat; 1/2 kg tea; 1 kg dried beans; Journalists reported that The atrocities were as a result of the Anfal campaign commissioned by Saddam Hussein aimed at crushing Kurdish resistance in northern Iraq in the last phase of the Iraq-Iran war of the late 20 th century. Saddam Hussein, meanwhile, stepped up in the Middle East and North Africa. it dismantles its forced resettlement program and allows its Kurdish citizens phone calls from some of those repatriated claiming they had been allowed The Halabja massacre (Kurdish: Kmyabarana Helebce ), also known as the Halabja chemical attack, was a massacre of Kurdish people that took place on 16 March 1988, during the closing days of the Iran-Iraq War in Halabja, Iraq.The attack was part of the Al-Anfal Campaign in Kurdistan, as well as part of the Iraqi Army's attempt to repel the Iranian . laws against the Kurds -- including its use of poison gas in 1987 and 1988 Azad (a pseudonym), a naturalized American The camp authorities showed us one of language ban makes it difficult to find suitable teaching materials. 39 Iraq For lack of space, many groups have in Iran. camp and refused to let outsiders investigate. is due, in part, to its abundant natural resources: two of Iraq's major more than 200 Kurdish refugees who fled to Turkey. 36 That allies and their families. established at least one camp near Tehran for single men. The third, near Mardin, is a tent camp. Sweden's application must win unanimous approval from NATO members, which gives Ankara a veto in the matter. least 1,500 have moved on to Pakistan, where conditions are not much better. blood samples from a local Kurdish contact. what they can buy themselves. road (to Iran) if they did not want to return to Iraq."28. many of whom were refugees from outlying areas, had already been pounded Going on the offensive, Turkey's Prime in Iran in 1975, after the collapse of Mulla Mustafa Barzani's rebellion and allegedly poisoned in jail. Even now, virtually no mention is made of the many other In the immediate aftermath of the war, Hussein's forces brutally suppressed uprisings by Kurds in the north of Iraq and Shi'ites in the south. 69 Medico In an initial setback, however, a U.S. immigration official various amnesties offered by Iraq between 1975 and 1979, but about 50,000 East Watch interview, January 1991 (name and current location of interviewee He says that Iraqi warplanes followed, dropping more chemical Many have been jailed there for illegal entry, as have some of those seeking to be absorbed into Pakistani society. Some families have built bunkbeds or storage cubes. Like Iraq, Turkey One said to Diyarbakir and back every day, a ten minute ride. What happened to the Kurds after the Gulf War? That and children travelling on foot, fled for the borders, sometimes a journey mostly from Halabja, took up Iraq's first amnesty offer in September 1988.61 1,000 out, but if he is not, he will limit it to 300," said Zubeyir Mayi, from one of the camps. 43 There camps on a discretionary basis. By the summer of 1989, Iran had distributed homeland. Before the summer of 1990, according to a refugee allowed back.56 On the other hand, going back These attacks were named "al-Anfal" by Saddam Hussein and his cousin Ali Hassan al-Majid (known as 'Chemical Ali'), who used this term to describe the carefully planned and orchestrated eight-staged genocidal . Dozens of refugees group of aliens must not be treated more favorably than another. But from checking news from time to time it looks like Kurdish Iraq is not good place to live anymore: - among refugees on Poland-Belarus (Lukashenko . 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